values eternal and transient (based on psychological research). Tomsha e.yu. Eternal and transient values (based on psychological research) A. S. Pushkin "Winter Morning"
If the consciousness of mankind could compare the eternal with the transient, then there would be glimmers of understanding of the Cosmos, for all the values of mankind are based on an eternal foundation. But mankind was so imbued with respect for the transient that it forgot about the Eternal. Meanwhile, how significant that the form changes, disappears and is replaced by a new one. The transience is so obvious, and each transience points to eternal life. Spirit is the creator of every form, but is rejected by humanity. When they understand that the spirit is eternal, then both Infinity and Immortality will enter into life. Thus it is necessary to direct the spirit of peoples to the understanding of the Higher Beginnings. Humanity is absorbed in consequences, but the root and beginning of everything is creativity, but it is forgotten. When the spirit is revered as the sacred Fire, then the great ascent will be confirmed.
Facets of Agni Yoga
1960 Aug. 28. River of life. If the spirit entered the stream and became a part of it, the stream would take it away with it. But the stream is brought past, going into the past, and the spirit remains to contemplate the stream of new streams, also rushing past. To understand this separateness of oneself from the stream passing by will already be an achievement of the spirit. To identify with it means to merge with it and become a part of it. The Silent Watcher cannot become part of what he looks at. The Silent Recorder, like the film of a movie camera, fixes the tape of life in memory without becoming it. Life is one thing, the Silent Watcher is something completely different. And feelings, and thoughts, and everything that flows through the consciousness of a person, will not be looking at them. One must separate oneself, Looking at the stream within oneself, from the stream and not merge with it. I suffer, I worry, I worry - it is only the astral that vibrates, but not the Silent Witness. I think, I think, I create thought forms - this is the mental in action, but not the Witness, by whom this mental stream constantly flows. I move, I walk, I speak, I eat, I drink - it is the body that works, but not He, who stays in the body for a while. It is necessary to separate Him, the Eternal One, from the temporality of the three streams in itself - physical, astral and mental. We must accustom ourselves to look at everything that happens inside and outside, as something that is outside, as temporary and transient and not being the imperishable essence of the spirit. Here something was, has passed and has sunk into oblivion. But I stand on the shore of the eternal and again look at the new jets of the stream that rush past and pass just as everything that happened before passed before them. This permeability of the present hour must be affirmed in the consciousness as a basis, for only the stream that silently looks at life does not pass. Thus are affirmed the elements of the immortality of the spirit, which are not of the temporal, but of eternity. The temporal serves only as a way of approaching the Eternal, and without it, without the experience and knowledge it brings, one cannot approach the Eternal. Through the temporal and transient - to the imperishable and Eternal, Existing in Infinity. Phenomena of longer duration are closer to it than those of short duration; the chain of incarnations is closer than one single life, or a day, or a short hour, torn from the sphere of the transient. Therefore, drawing a longer line will be the decision of life. And through the brevity of each hour, you can lead this long line of life, far beyond this hour, and days, and years of an individual life, and even a segment of several lives, because infinity contains them all, and even more than what time contains and hugs himself. After all, the very concept of time contains the temporal. My kingdom is not of this world, nor of the temporal and its elements. Something in itself, standing in the middle between the rushing stream of the transient and the silent Witness, can be brought closer to any pole of life or moved away from it. When consciousness approaches the flow, it enters it, merges with it and identifies itself with the transient. When it rushes into the sphere of the Beholder forever, it emerges from the stream and rises above it, affirms itself on the stone of the eternal foundation of life. Nothing that happens to a person in the sphere of his three shells can affect the Silent Recorder, although it sometimes seems to a person that everything is lost and he dies. The unborn of three cannot perish, for he is from the beginning of time and before the beginning. Whatever the consciousness aspires to, it will remain with it. If to the temporal - with the temporal, if to the eternal - with the eternal. And if with Me, then with Me.
The planet is rushing through space. Where? To the future. It is inevitable, like fate. This means that it is possible to direct the spirit into the future. In the present, the merging of consciousness with the Silent Watcher is unattainable. But in the future it is possible. If, however, we consider the present as a stage of approach to the future, then, knowing what the spirit wants, one can begin to affirm at this hour the present in oneself that in the future, in which everything is possible, will become the desired stage of achievement. Now, now, the possibilities of future achievements are affirmed, which are impossible in the environment of the present night. The principle of the seed is universal: there can be no sprouts without a seed. Sowing in the present grains of future shoots is necessary. And the sower, which is a man, and the field of sowing - his consciousness, and the seeds of sowing - thoughts - are those conditions that, if applied wisely and with knowledge of the law, can give a number of shining achievements in the future. The basis and the engine is thought. The focus is on her. And everything is achievable. And let the impossible now not confuse the daring spirit, for in the future everything is achievable, if the seeds of possibilities, now unattainable, impossible and achievable in the future, are planted in the mind now, at the present hour. That is why boldness is affirmed by Me. Daring boldly, vehemently striving for the future, he will reap. I give a guarantee of victory. Not Magic, but the operation of an immutable law. How to explain even better that the affirmation and negation accepted by consciousness in the present are the seeds of sowing gigantic seedlings in the future. For everything is cause and effect. We will reap what we have sown. Wouldn't it be better to sow consciously, choosing the seeds of the best opportunities and with the knowledge of the immutability of the operation of the law. Thus, I affirm the achievements that follow Me along the victorious path, and I point the way to victory. I say, I told you, affirm.
An important definition of existence is going beyond the limits of existence, the possibility of striving for something more significant, absolute, transcendent. In the life world, which arises as a result of an act of existence, a person exists in psychological time, the outgoing year. Childhood, youth, maturity pass, the time of suffering and trials passes, a joyful moment of inspiration and reciprocity passes. But there is also Truth, Justice, Goodness, God, Beauty, Love. These main, highest values, regardless of how each person calls them, cannot but influence the development of the personality, symbolizing the eternal, enduring.
In the life experience of every person there are situations when she feels openness to the beyond, otherworldly, something greater than herself. This may be an insight under the influence of experiencing severe trials or, conversely, a feeling of being part of the cosmic abyss, wise and harmonious, as a result of immersion in a state of happy love. Such sensations are familiar to the mother immediately after the birth of the child. They also arise in the artist, who thinks that he is only an obedient instrument in his hands. Higher Power. A state of religious ecstasy also leads to them, especially after an exhausting fast. Sometimes just being somewhere in nature, in the mountains, on the seashore, in the forest helps to feel your deep kinship with everything that surrounds you, with the beautiful and eternal that will remain here even when you have long been gone from this world .
Let us recall Skovoroda, who valued being precisely as transient. He called everything that exists in time a shadow, not truth, but he recognized that the transient is the only reality for a person that must be put on the pound of the eternal so that it shines with all the colors of life. "A thousand shadows are thrown by an apple tree, and the only one god man- in thousands of our lives, because these are thousands of images of the transient. Skovoroda opposes the sorrow of the transient, passing shadow with faith in the immortality of the best in man. The transient touches the world of shadows and only contributes to the return of a person to himself. the departing one indicates its fragility, that it is based on the permanent, eternally existing. Everything of ours disappears, and the place of the shadow is occupied by eternity "(V.A. Romenets).
The transient, if considered outside the eternal, becomes absurd, accidental, superficial, uninteresting. Eternal, which in no way is embodied in Everyday life, is not compared with the transient, becomes abstract, unreal, artificial and therefore also uninteresting. The transient always begins in the eternal, represents a certain fraction of the eternal, embodies the eternal, develops it. Eternal is imperceptibly, implicitly present in the Nai-Roman, in everyday, ordinary. A person who, in the whirlpool of life, remembers the uniqueness of his every moment, who constantly strives for eternal values, until they are brought into the sphere of the temporal, with measles and for which, step by step, approaches himself, becomes free.
Since the late Middle Ages, there has been a Christian legend about Ahasuerus, the "Eternal Jew". When Jesus, exhausted by the burden of the cross, went to Golgotha and demanded to rest, Ahasuerus, who stood in the crowd, said: "Go, go," for which he was punished - he was forever denied eternal rest - in peace of the grave. Age for a century doomed Ahasuerus to travel the world, waiting for the second coming of Christ, who alone can deprive him of his annoying immortality. As S.S. Averintsev notes, Ahasuerus is “an enemy of Christ, but at the same time a witness of Christ, a sinner who strikes with a mysterious curse and frightens with his very appearance as a ghost and a bad sign, but because of it, the curse is correlated with Christ , which he must certainly meet in "this world", and in repentance and conversion can turn into a good sign for the whole world.The structural principle of the legend is a double paradox, when dark and light change places twice: immortality, the desired goal of human efforts, in this case turns into a curse, and the curse turns into a caress (a chance of calculation).
This legend has many literary incarnations. New and new interpretations, which change each other from age to age, testify to the eternity of the problem, the absence of a final, absolute decision on the need to start its own, separate search within each individual life. Do you need a life that has nothing to cherish, since it will still have no end or edge? What is eternal and transient for me, based on today's understanding of the finiteness of my existence?
A multi-valued variation on the theme is presented by our contemporary - the Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges. The hero of his story, a military tribune of the Roman legion, goes to the West in search of the city of the Immortals and, after hard trials that almost cost him his life, reaches the goal. The city turns out to be boundless, ugly and meaningless, its architecture oversaturated with symmetry causes nothing but horror and disgust. The people who built this stunning labyrinth, lost in the desert, are given out to the Roman as cruel AND primitive troglodytes. They live in caves, feed on snakes, are naive in their barbarism like children, since they do not feel compassion for anyone. Taught by the experience of history, they have abandoned any moral and rational criteria, they are not interested in either someone else's or their own fate.
"The life of the Immortal is empty, except for man, all living beings are immortal, because they do not know about death, and to feel like an Immortal is divine, terrible, incomprehensible to the mind." Borges notes: "death (or the mention of death) fills people with lofty feelings and makes life valuable. Feeling themselves as short-lived creatures, people behave accordingly; every perfect deed may be the last."
In life, which is not true, which is aimed at the tasks of the present, according to Kierkegaard, the ability to synthesize the transient and the eternal disappears. Human existence is a drama, it testifies to the struggle to introduce eternal values into everyday life familiar to everyone. We must return to the method of Socrates, to be, like him, "the stimulant of souls." Freedom implies the ability to remain oneself, remembering the eternal, not being dependent on the requirements of society, public opinion, family expectations. And slavery is a capitulation to the transient, to the ghostly world, about which Skovoroda wrote about a rouged monkey, and also a decorated coffin.
A distinctive feature of human existence is longing, longing for absolute being, longing for eternal values, for God. It is this longing that is the source of activity aimed at searching for true, authentic being, approaching the eternal. But most people, looking for completeness, get bogged down in the details.
Man cannot find himself in sensual pleasures, lustful desires. Kierkegaard analyzes the fate of Don Juan, trying to show the eternal dissatisfaction of those who are looking for the illusory ideal of earthly love. His Don Juan strives for great love and constantly gets tired of yet another disappointment, longs for the ideal and is fed up with the ritual of sensual pleasures. This is a tragic figure, the image is broken, humiliated, although "sensually brilliant." Sensual love by its nature, according to Kierkegaard, cannot be true, because it is love not for one person, but for everyone, it is a temptation.
A person cannot find himself in work for his relatives, society, contemporaries. It dissolves itself in numerous duties, functions, assignments, tasks, losing its own individual life in all its originality. A person suffers, her conscience is restless, and the only way out is to understand her destiny, to find a truth that would be her own truth, to find an idea for which one could live.
According to Kierkegaard, there is only one force that can unite the torn human "I", this is the love of God. We find the meaning of life when we begin to believe in God, and this faith becomes a revelation. A person lives a true life only when it tries to realize the eternal in the fleeting, illuminated by God's grace. The realization of the abyss between the transient and the eternal is at the same time the realization of the truth about the infinity of the distance between the real, sinful, natural man and God, between the real and the ideal "I". What could be more meaningful than the path above this abyss?
Short description
What is the concept of eternal and transient? This question was asked by our distant ancestors, trying to understand the importance of this issue. Several centuries have passed, and we young generations are still interested in this problem. Living in our age of information technology, it is impossible not to notice that a lot has changed, including the people themselves. We stopped appreciating such simple things as feelings, love, friendship. Everything around us is changing fashion, clothes, words, but one thing remains unchanged real feelings, called life.
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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF RUSSIA
Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education
"SOUTH FEDERAL UNIVERSITY"
TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE IN TAGANROG
Faculty: Science and Humanities Education
Department: Chemistry and Ecology
creative work
By philosophy
On the topic: Eternal and transient in philosophy.
Checked by: Tymoshenko T.V.
Completed by: student of group H-31
Sungatullina.A.A.
Taganrog 2012
Introduction.
What is the concept of eternal and transient? This question was asked by our distant ancestors, trying to understand the importance of this issue. Several centuries have passed, and we young generations are still interested in this problem. Living in our age of information technology, it is impossible not to notice that a lot has changed, including the people themselves. We stopped appreciating such simple things as feelings, love, friendship. Everything around us is changing fashion, clothes, words, but one thing remains unchanged real feelings, called life. Without this thin line between the eternal and the transient, no one would be able to properly dispose of his life, because it acquires value only when it is correlated with death. But we often do not see this boundary separating these two concepts, and therefore we take one for the other. After all, in fact, the eternal is not so similar to the transient.
The eternal is that which has neither beginning nor end and is not limited by time, and the transient can be described as something that comes to us for a certain period of time and leaves, that is, it is limited by space and time.
In connection with the above, I would like to note that different people who have at least some of the same value divide it into different categories.
Based on everything that is happening at the moment, we conducted a social survey aimed at the fact that society began to ignore the border between the eternal and the transient, which is a confirmation of the problem that has not left us for many years.
Having reviewed the diagram above, we can draw certain conclusions proving that people do not always think about what is eternal and what is transient. Understanding these categories comes with age, but no matter how late it is. From this chart it can be seen that young people aged 15 to 22 have an equal attitude towards values, they do not particularly care about what can be expected from tomorrow; and at the age of 55 years and older, many are aware of the mistakes of youth, and therefore they say: "And now it's time to think about the eternal."
This problem is relevant, because even now society has begun to equate the category of the eternal and the coming, without any doubt, therefore, the boundary of separation has disappeared for them. It is necessary to find a solution to this problem or create an algorithm so that in the future it does not happen that people cannot understand what is expensive for them, what needs to be protected, and not to store those things that are not worth more attention.
"The Eternal and the Transient in Philosophy". From the point of view of axiology (as a doctrine of values).
The object of our study are the categories of the eternal and transient in philosophy.
The subject of our research is axiology as a doctrine of values.
The purpose of our work is to develop an algorithm aimed at determining the boundaries between the eternal and the transient.
The main tasks identified by us to solve the problem:
- Analyze literature on the eternal and transient in philosophy;
- Consider the constituent parts of the concept of the eternal;
- Define the constituent concept of the transient;
- To get acquainted with the doctrine of the values of axiology;
- Consider the possibility of the influence of axiology on identifying similarities and differences between the eternal and the transient.
Hypothesis: we assume that the boundary between the categories of the eternal and the transient has become weakly expressed for people.
This becomes vividly expressed in the examples of the current life of young people, when for them material things and goods have value in life, and not such life values as feelings, love, life. more expensive things and equipment. And not everyone knows about the concept of true love. For many, the understanding of love is to be together for a long time, or even years, not to mention eternity, but simply to satisfy their needs.
For many people in the modern world, in the world of technology, the concept and significance of feelings have lost their meaning. Now the manifestation of sympathy, pity, compassion, all these character traits are now considered a manifestation of weakness, not dignity. And dignity as such a concept almost does not exist anymore. Now in our world such “feelings” as anger, deceit, hatred, revenge are given priority. Because of their meager spiritual life, people have become so aggressive and insidious that, apart from their own benefit, they see nothing and do not want to see. For them, the priority of a bright pathos life is more precious than humanity.
Speaking of humanity, we lose sight of the most important, the most eternal thing that is given to us - life. The value of life becomes equal to money. We begin to compare pricelessness with poor incoming goods. Life is given once, and we equalize it with the incoming additions of some fleeting entertainment. Now taking life is not a problem, there is no value for it, people sell their lives for absolutely everything that is possible, life is equated with things! It is unacceptable. Living life without love, romance, feelings is now much more possible than living it without new technical means, we begin to depend on technology, it is not eternal, not constant, it improves every year, after which we start buying a new one. Technique fascinates us so much that we stop admiring nature, art, music, creativity. The eternal masterpieces of the classics, the silver and zloty age are forgotten, modern youth does not even know such great people and masterpieces. People become so mentally poor that the concept of the eternal is lost, which is why this problem occurs: the disappearance of the boundary between the eternal and the coming.
So what is eternity? Eternity is a word that is used in three completely different senses.
It means the property and state of a being or substance, certainly not subject to time, that is, having neither beginning, nor continuation, nor end in time, but containing at a time, in one inseparable act, all the fullness of its being; such is the eternity of the absolute being.
By eternity is also meant the infinite continuation or repetition of a given being in time; such is the eternity of the world accepted in many philosophical systems, which sometimes (for example, among the Stoics) is presented as a simple repetition in countless cycles of the same cosmogonic and historical content.
Eternity is an interval of time that contains any finite interval of time.
In the course of the development of human thought, none of these concepts of eternity can be recognized as original. All of them were consistently deduced from the observation of the durability of various beings and objects. If this longevity is not uniform, if some things continue to exist when others disappear, then thought, however infantile, must have come to the idea of objects that continue to exist forever; this idea was confirmed by the fact that no mortal had ever seen the disappearance of such objects as the Earth, the sky, the ocean.
On the other hand, the fragility of most other things, which inevitably disappear in time, made it necessary to represent this latter as a force that crushes and destroys, like some kind of monster devouring all life, accordingly to which the greater durability of some objects was presented as their successful resistance to this force, and , therefore, those objects, the longevity of which was not supposed to end, had to be presented as having finally defeated the force of time, as inaccessible and not subject to its action.
Eternity… Everyone puts something of their own into it, and everyone has different associations. Eternity makes me think of some kind of vacuum in which nothing ever changes ... everything is eternal ...
As Jorge Luis Borges said, "Eternity is an image created from time" But, what then is the transient? This question, as well as the question of what is eternal, cannot be unambiguously answered. Everyone thinks differently and everyone will have their own point of view. In my opinion, transient is a thing or thought or action that is subject to change over time. If eternity is something timeless, then it is transient, something that comes and changes after time. So what then can be transient? This can be everything that delivers a fleeting, little significant that makes a person happier for a moment. For example, such a moment can be attributed to the purchase of a thing, to be proud of superiority over another person, to prove one's case at all costs. It can also be attributed to transient luck and friendship. But all these examples bring joy to a person only for a short period of time, but they cannot satisfy his spiritual needs for a long time, spending his small forces on this. But often because of the “power” of technology over people, people are content with these little things, forgetting about the eternal. Therefore, modern youth not only forgets about the great creators, poets, musicians and thinkers, they don’t know them in vain. Because of this, the boundary between the eternal and the coming is blurred.
Since these concepts are so different, can there be something in common among them? Perhaps there is not so much in common between these categories as they complement each other. For example, the fact that without transient inspiration a great masterpiece will not be created. Similarly, without an eternal motivating example, there will be no transitory incentive to improve yourself. An example of such an addition is the development of the theory of atomistic materialism, in which Leucippus created the theory, and his student Democritus continued the works of his teacher. This serves as another proof that the transient exists together with the eternal. These categories stimulate society to commit various acts.
But also we must not forget that everything exists, but there is a certain boundary of separation between these categories. People should definitely understand and be able to distinguish between the transient and the eternal. Otherwise, a certain imbalance in the relationship between the eternal and the transient will occur in the world. We cannot voluntarily and voluntarily ascribe to certain things the category of eternal or transient. There must be some algorithm by which people can not only distinguish, but also put things under these categories. Otherwise, without an algorithm, people will begin to attribute to their favorite things or actions the category of the eternal. The eternal is something else, a timeless action of all mankind, or a masterpiece that has passed the path from ancient times to the present day and which makes you think about the eternal or admire it forever. And if we begin to equate our favorite activities or actions with this category, then everything will become eternal for us, which will be ridiculous and absurd, because this cannot be. We must clearly distinguish between the eternal and the transient, understand their differences and importance in life, and not just use their meanings.
Axiology (from other Greek, - value) - the theory of values, a section of philosophy.
Axiology studies issues related to the nature of values, their place in reality and the structure of the value world, that is, the relationship of various values among themselves, with social and cultural factors and the structure of the individual.
What are values? The term "value" itself has long been used by philosophers and representatives of various sciences, was used not only in bookish, but also in colloquial language as the most common word along with many others: "valuable discovery" and "value of property", "valuable recognition" and " jewels”, “valuable in a person” and “valuable for a person”. This word did not have a strictly unambiguous meaning and therefore had many synonyms: dignity, merit, benefit, good, cost, wealth, etc. Only in political economy did this concept have a more or less definite content, from where it, apparently, taken by philosophers.
It turns out that value is both an idea and something completely different - a command addressed to reality, a law that prescribes its perfection. This is a kind of driving force that is about to realize itself in reality. But this is not the law of reality itself, in which everything happens for reasons and natural necessity, without any interference from the dictates of goodness and justice.
Before axiology, first of all, the question arises of how to subdivide values, how to characterize their main types.
Values are, on the one hand, the characteristics of objects (phenomena) in which a person is somehow interested and which he evaluates positively or negatively, and on the other hand, such forms of consciousness in which the normative-evaluative attitude of a person to the surrounding reality is expressed. Some Marxist philosophers offer other solutions as well. So, V.P. Tugarinov divides values into those that already exist and those that have not yet been implemented. For example, justice is valued by us both as a reality achieved to a certain extent and under certain conditions, and as something that has yet to be put into practice.
Consequently, it follows from the teachings of axiology that the values studied by it can be both in the category of the eternal and the transient. Studying the values of life, people uncontrollably delve into the eternal and transient, but there is a danger that one or another value may not be attributed correctly. Therefore, to solve this problem, in my work it is proposed to develop an algorithm that will reveal the boundaries between the eternal and the transient.
Speaking of such an action as revealing the boundary between the eternal and the transient, we need some algorithm, according to which the division into these categories will occur.
The development of this algorithm is carried out according to the principles of logical thinking about what exactly can be attributed to the eternal and what is actually transient. Due to the many opinions of people and the difference in assessments of life, values may not coincide and even differ very much, therefore, certain frameworks for the relationship to the eternal should be identified. Based on the most popular definition of eternity, one should adhere to the criteria that this definition supports.
And the transient is just fleeting hobbies or actions that bring joy to people. That is why the criteria of the transient will be such criteria that will be similar to the popular desires or hobbies of people.
Both the eternal and the transient can deliver various feelings, so this algorithm will be needed especially in our time, the time of technology and the "loss of soul" of people. Therefore, the practical significance of this topic is necessary for people to understand and appreciate the life values that they will be given throughout their lives.
Sections: Literature
Vladimir Semyonovich Vysotsky. The traditional program offers to get acquainted with his work only in high school. In the educational complex "School-2100" we meet with the name of the poet already in the 7th grade: for reading and discussion, an article by the father of the poet S.V. Vysotsky "Lived and sang for us" and a poem by V.S. Vysotsky "I do not love" are given .
The students were offered the following topic of the lesson: “Vladimir Vysotsky: “eternal” and “transitory”.
At the beginning of the lesson, I drew the students' attention to the meanings of the words "eternal" and "transient", given in the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov: "eternal - does not cease to exist, lasting for many centuries", "transient - temporary, short-lived". I ask the guys to express their opinion: what is transient and what is truly eternal. Thirteen-year-old teenagers, using their little life experience, include friendship, love of parents, love for home, homeland, understanding between people, nature, human life. "Temporary, short-lived" they call what makes a person happy for a moment: to buy some thing, to be proud of superiority over another person, to prove one's case at all costs. As a teacher, I am glad to hear these words, because they once again confirm that our literature lessons are not in vain, our conversations, sometimes revelations, help to form a single spiritual space. I ask the following question: "Can art, literature be attributed to eternal values?" The guys answer positively, naming the names of great people: A.S. Pushkin, N.V. Gogol, Vasnetsov, P.I. Tchaikovsky, Raphael and Michelangelo, whose works are known to people of many generations.
Speaking about the name of Vysotsky, I am talking about the fact that my initial impression of the poet and his work was far from correct, since the generally accepted opinion was sometimes imposed and, accordingly, distorted. Already an adult, in a different time, reading his poems, books about him, I discovered a great poet, a real citizen.
Among the readings, a special place is occupied by an article by Father Vladimir Vysotsky, which the authors of the literature textbook included in the program, is "He lived and sang for us." Reading the article, we draw the image of the poet, his character, we trace what influenced the formation of the future poet, the formation of his views. Our conversation is lively: seventh graders, perhaps for the first time, have encountered such a situation - a father talks about his son, a man known to many people. He tells kindly, sincerely, confidentially, so I take it upon myself to read the article: it is necessary to convey to the students the touchingness and sincerity of intonation, they must feel it, feel the image of the poet, get closer to him.
We pay attention to the photo placed next to the article: Vysotsky performs a song. We think about what he could sing about, what feelings filled him at that moment. Maybe we are talking about the song “I don’t love” (the students got acquainted with the poem at home)? I suggest that the children watch a fragment from the film about Vysotsky - the performance of this particular song.
The poem “I don’t love” served as the basis for us to define the “system of life values” of Vladimir Semenovich Vysotsky. Looking again at the poem together, we note what the poet's lyrical hero does not like. In parallel (very carefully), we focus on what he then loves, accepts. Honor and dignity, courage and fearlessness, sincerity and decency, tact and mercy. Adolescents also named the ability to withstand life's difficulties and, despite mistakes, the ability to move on. What is dear to me, they spoke about human dignity, about the importance of the wealth of the inner world and about the recognition of another human path, about the place of creativity in human life. Here they are, the eternal values that we talked about at the beginning of the lesson. I peer into children's eyes: understood, realized? ..
We continue our meeting with the poet. I divide the class into groups and offer each one of the poems of Vladimir Vysotsky: “Song of the New Time”, “Song of a Friend”, “Fussy Horses”, “Ballad of Love”. The task is one: to determine the main idea of the poem and the image of the lyrical hero. Seventh-graders come to the conclusion that the image of the protagonist is close to the hero of the poem “I don’t love”, which is consonant with the intonations of the poems, the same determination and steadfastness.
Attentive students note (noticed!) that in all the poems considered in the lesson there is a particle not. We find words with this particle, think about their meaning, their role. We assume that this stylistic figure (antithesis) can speak of a sharp opposition of the lyrical hero of V. Vysotsky to the world around him. “Maybe the world of that time opposed itself to the poet?” I ask this question to my students. I'm not expecting an answer, just speculation.
In the meantime, we decide the following: under what condition does the poet’s work not grow old over time, have we found the criteria for “eternal” in the poems considered in the lesson.
I tell seventh graders that in 1985 astronomers at the Crimean Observatory named a new planet discovered between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, Vlad Vysotsky. She is listed at number 2374. Marina Vlady, Vysotsky's wife, once said: “I often look at the stars and smile at the thought that among all this host a brilliant point soars in infinity ... So good.” What can be added? Penetration, respect, recognition.
In the 9th grade, we again meet the name of Vladimir Vysotsky at a literature lesson: we compare A.S. Pushkin’s poem “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands ...” with V.S. Vysotsky’s poem “Monument”. We find different things: intonation, composition, etc. And we discover the common thing - life in the name of freedom and truth. The lessons of the 7th grade were not forgotten.
Again and again the lesson of Russian literature teaches us universal human values, the understanding of the eternal.
LIFE TRANSIENT AND LIFE ETERNAL
There once lived a Jew - a rich and learned man. He lived the time allotted to him in contentment, in honor, and then God summoned his soul. The soul ascended to heaven, an angel met her and led her to show the place of the new abode. The soul sees beautiful house, like two drops of water similar to the one where the rich man lived on earth. "That's for me?" “No, your house is further away,” the angel replies. They go, they see a luxurious villa. "That's for me?" the soul asks again. "No, your house is further." Approach the magnificent palace. "Is this really for me?" the soul rejoices. “No, you go there,” the Angel moved his head somewhere to the side. The soul looks - and there is a tiny hut under a thatched roof. “Yes, how is it, but for what sins am I so disfavored ?!” The angel only throws up his hands: “What can you say, the money was delivered to us only for this house.” “Ah, so it’s about the money! Give me five minutes,” the rich man fussed, “I’ll go down to earth, bring you a whole chest of gold, I have a lot of it!” “Sorry,” says the angel, “nothing will come of it. Here, only the money in the price that you gave to others. And what he accumulated during his lifetime and stuffed into the chests - this does not count for us. Late…"
Jews believe in the immortality of man. In the immortality of the deed and the immortality of the soul.
What is the immortality of the deed? The Talmud says: Jacob, the forefather of our people, did not die: since his offspring is alive, therefore, he is also alive. Our sages interpret this thought as follows: if a person teaches his children to always act according to the laws of righteousness, this great work of his will continue in children. And the man himself will remain alive in the righteous deeds of his descendants.
What is the immortality of the soul? We believe that the soul descends into our world in order to do noble deeds while in human form, in the body given to it by God. When the life of the body ends, the soul returns to where it came from. But as soon as during the bodily life a person joyfully fulfilled the commandments of God, was a righteous man, his soul will return to the Creator, exalted even more.
There are people whose bodily life is long, and there are those whose body dies young. Sometimes children die. Many therefore ask: why did the Almighty give longevity to one, and doomed the other to an “untimely death”? This question, for all its seeming logic, is based on a misunderstanding of the meaning of bodily life and the meaning of the immortality of the soul. What is an "untimely death"? For whom is it "timeless"? And when is death generally “timely”? At sixty? At eighty? Maybe a hundred and twenty?
The bottom line is that, releasing the soul to earth, G-d entrusts it with a certain mission; to each his own. Accordingly, He measures each soul and the period of stay in the body - the period that is necessary to fulfill the mission. Someone is given three days, someone - three months, someone - decades. Then each messenger returns home to his family - to his heavenly Father. The main thing, therefore, is not how long a person lived in his bodily hypostasis, but whether he managed to fulfill during his earthly existence everything for which Gd sent him into this world.
Of course, our common desire is for a person to live long. This is natural: after all, we do not know what “task” Gd gave him, so let him have more time to properly cope with his work. It is important that a person's life be full, that he fulfill the commandments, that he be happy. But most importantly, that the Lord granted him earthly life became a guarantee of his worthy existence in eternal life. Of course, for people death loved one always unspeakably difficult, but the understanding that the death of the body is not the death of the soul should alleviate their suffering.
Sages Jewish people they said: "The earthly world is like a hallway in front of the throne room." The meaning of their metaphor is that bodily life is just a preparation for eternal life souls in the halls of God. It is known that many of our righteous people turned to God with a special prayer - so that they would be rewarded for their deeds not in this world, but in the future. For the stay of an immortal soul on earth is transient, but its life in the world to come, before the face of the Heavenly Father, is eternal. Why change a temporary reward for one that will always be with you?!
In the Torah, in the book "Dvorim", one unusual commandment is given - "rejection from the nest." If a person sees a bird sitting on eggs and wants to take the egg, he must first drive the bird away so that it does not see and suffer. About the one who fulfills this commandment, the Torah says: "... his days will be long." At first glance, this sounds like a promise of a long life. However, the Talmud interprets this phrase differently. It tells about a man who, having decided to fulfill the commandment of “sending away from the nest”, climbed a tree, but fell off, crashed and died. Where is the long life? According to the Talmud, the words "...his days will be long" mean that for the fulfillment of the commandment, a person will receive a reward not here, but "where the days last without end" - in eternal life. Therefore, the reward will also become eternal.
One more thing. We are all waiting for the coming of Moshiach. The Talmud says that in the days of Moshiach the dead will rise from their graves. Our sages explain: we are talking about the rebirth of the soul. The soul will be reborn in the body, and forever. In the back of the head, each of us has a bone called “luz”: when Moshiach comes, G-d will “build up” the former body around it. And this body will be healthy, strong, and will no longer grow old.
The unbelievers have long mocked the prediction of the Talmud, calling it "an invention of dark people." The Jewish sages answered them: the Almighty was able to create man from nothing, from dust; could he really not be able to recreate it from his own remains?
Those of little faith who once thought they were "advanced people" have now turned out to be ignoramuses, and our sages were absolutely right. Look - scientists grow human organs from stem cells, clone animals! Even if people can “build up” a body from one cell, then what can we say about the Creator of all living things ...
So, our present life is just a short period of time on the eve of eternal life. But this is an extremely important gap. It is accomplishments in the transient life that determine our eternal future. Righteous deeds in the mortal world will not go unrewarded by God in the world to come. However, the one who does not use the chance given to him by the Father here and now, who chases fleeting “joys”, takes more than he gives, he runs the risk of remaining forever in a thatched hut. Like that short-sighted rich man...
Chief Rabbi of Russia Berl Lazar
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