God created the firmament of heaven. "firmament of heaven". See what "Sky Firmament" is in other dictionaries

On the first and fourth days, the biblical god is engaged in lighting arrangements, placing the Sun, Moon and stars on the firmament of heaven to illuminate the Earth. But on the first day, when he illuminated the eternal darkness in which he had been before, with no one knows what light, the Earth was still formless, everything was a primitive chaos. And only the next day, according to the Bible, the god Elohim again spoke a few words, and that was enough to put the world in order.

The Bible tells us that Elohim did this on that day:

“6. And God said: Let there be a firmament in the middle of the water, and let it separate the water from the water. (And so it was).

You are directly amazed at how easily this creature solved such complex problems in the organization of the Earth! He said a few words - and it was so! But the more strongly and even a believer should have questions: Why couldn't God have said these few words earlier? Why, if it was so easy to do it with one word, why didn't the god Elohim arrange the Earth at once? Who heard the words spoken by a god when there was no one but this god? Certainly, Bible you will not be given an answer to these questions, because the biblical stories are ridiculous, and the formation of the Earth did not happen at all as the bible tells.

Note, however, that according to verse 6 of the first chapter of Genesis, God creates heaven by the word. And in verses 7 and 8 he is again engaged in this business, but he does it, apparently by personal labor.

“7. And God created the firmament; and separated the water that was under the firmament from the water that was above the firmament. And it became so.

8. And God called the firmament sky.(And God saw that it was good.) And there was evening, and there was morning: the second day.

Word firmament here the translation is not entirely correct, since the Hebrew word "rakia" is translated by the words: "solid wall." How, then, in one case, in verse 6, does God simply create a solid wall with a word, which he then calls heaven, and then in verses 7 and 8 again creates the same wall, but not in word, but in deed? The whole point here, apparently, is that first one story arose, and then another, inscribed later in the form of Chapter VI.

Similar stories could have arisen among peoples who imagined the sky to be solid, like a dome, a roof over the earth. Previously, almost everyone understood the sky in this way, and even now there are many millions of people who think that there is a solid sky above them, like a crystal roof, that stars and clouds “walk” across the sky, sort of like crawling along the ceiling like flies; that their gods and angels live there in heaven; that souls, and sometimes whole human carcasses - Enoch, Elijah, Moses, Buddha, Jesus and others ascend there, to heaven. Such beliefs were among very many peoples at the lowest stage of their development.

This was reflected in the language: the vault of heaven, the tent of heaven is called the sky by many peoples. The sky is compared with a house, with a temple, with a tower. Many peoples compare its apparent convex-round shape with the skull of a human head. So, the Indian story claims that the sky was created from the skull of the god Brahma, and according to the Scandinavian legends of Edda, it came from the skull of Ymir.

Other nations compare the sky to a mountain. The Slavic word "woe" means: up to the sky. “Without legs, without hands, he fights up the mountain” (smoke). "Move to the mountain" - die, move to God. In b. Tula province written peasant stories at the end of the world, where the sky converges with the Earth, one can climb directly from the Earth onto the convex surface of the firmament; the women living there plug their spinning wheels and rolls behind the clouds.

According to the concepts of the ancient Greeks, immortal gods lived on the top of Mount Olympus, Olympus was a heavenly dwelling; Homer calls it the great sky. In an old Slavic story, it is reported that God created the sky is crystal on iron poles. The Finnish people created stories about the creator of the sky - the hero-singer and god Veinemeinen. This god is also a blacksmith. With a hammer he forges the vault of heaven, adorns it with the sun, moon and stars. Ancient people imagined the sky in several floors - seven floors. To go to the seventh heaven is to go to heaven. Therefore, earlier people were often buried with ladders (see "The Life of Prince Konstantin of Murom"). In some places, on the "ascension" they bake seven-step ladders from dough and throw them up; and by the way the ladder falls, they guess which sky they will fall into after death. About 400 years ago, Archbishop Vasily of Novgorod wrote to the "lord" of Tver Fedor: to the high mountains... And I stayed for a long time in that place, but I didn’t see the sun, but the light was multi-part, more than the sun (must be, there, in paradise, electrification! - Eat. I.), and on the mountains of those voices and rejoicings they hear a lot ”(for more details about all this, see: A. Afanasiev- “Poetic views of the Slavs on nature”, vols. I and II).

Of course, whoever admits the authenticity of the biblical story of the creation of the world can easily admit the authenticity of other, similar stories.

What is the sky? If it is not a vault, not a tent above the Earth, if the Sun, Moon and stars are not attached to the sky, if it is impossible to ascend to heaven, if there are neither gods nor angels, then what is there, how is it arranged?

First of all: science has long established that the Earth is not flat, not pancake, but spherical. Around the Earth, as it were, an air shell encircles for several hundred kilometers. What previously seemed like a solid sky, the firmament of heaven, is now explored by man: airplanes rise up, beyond the clouds, for several kilometers. Of course, one cannot live in the clouds or above. No one can ride on clouds.

Particles of air and small dust particles, rushing in an air shell, have a special property: they scatter, cast off in all directions one type of rays - blue or blue. All other types of rays (yellow, green, etc.) they delay to some extent. It is for this reason that the sky appears to us blue or blue in sunlight and when there are few clouds in the air. Therefore, what we see daylight the blue sky is actually nothing but our air shell (atmosphere), illuminated by the Sun. And the true, real sky is dark vast airless space surrounding the globe on all sides. In this space there are countless worlds: the Sun, the Moon, stars, planets, etc. Our Earth is just one of the planets revolving around the Sun. She, like Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn and other planets, is a heavenly body. The sun is only the closest star to us, so how many stars, so many suns. So, we live in the "sky", that is, we are surrounded on all sides by what people used to call the sky. At a small, yet, the height of this "sky" we can ascend from the Earth in an airplane. The worlds moving in it - the Moon, Venus, Mars, Saturn, Jupiter, the Sun, Sirius and other worlds-suns - move, like the Earth, in this vast space along certain paths. These movements can be studied, calculated, tested, even predicted from exact calculations. Huge telescopes (spyglasses) give a person the opportunity to look into the far, far depths of this sky, for billions and trillions of miles, and nowhere, never, none of the researchers found there either God, or angels, or saints, about which various religions tell us , the priests teach, the Bible narrates and who would control the movement of these worlds. “I explored the sky and found no trace of the god anywhere,” said the great astronomer Lalande. When Emperor Napoleon asked the great astronomer Laplace why he did not talk about God anywhere in his writings about the structure of the world, he replied: “I had no need for this hypothesis” (5) (see. L. Buechner- "Force and Matter").

Yes, at present, science does not need biblical tales about the creation of the sky by the hands or words of God. The scientist knows that the sky is not a firmament, that the sun, moon and stars are not attached to the firmament, that all these are huge worlds, and that among these worlds our Earth does not occupy any exclusive position. He knows that matter, with the various changes it undergoes, is not created anew and does not disappear, that is, it does not arise "from nothing" and does not turn into "nothing." Hence it follows that matter is eternal it has always existed and will always exist. At the same time, it has been proved that motion is an integral, inseparable quality of matter or, as scientists say, a form of existence of matter. Just as there is no motion without matter (something always moves), so there is no matter without motion. Matter always exists in one form or another of motion, i.e., motion does not enter matter from somewhere outside, so there is nothing to say about the fact that someone “pushed” matter (the universe), “let” it into movement, etc.

Everything that happens in the universe the whole history of the world unfolds before us as a process of self-movement, self-change of matter. This process combined particles of matter into those colossal accumulations of gases and meteors (stones and dust particles) that we observe in world space in the form of so-called nebulae of various shapes (irregular, spherical, spindle-shaped, spiral). From these nebulae arise the stars and all the worlds revolving around them, which gradually pass into a red-hot state, reach the highest temperature and finally cool down, turn into dark cold bodies, like our earth. But the process of transformation of matter does not stop there: the fading worlds provide material for new nebulae, from which new suns, planets, etc. endless change of forms of matter.

How does a person know this? Is it written in any bibles? Any gods, angels, saints revealed to him these secrets of nature? No, he himself wrested these secrets from nature by observation and experience, by the power of science and technology, by the power of thought of many generations. Precise, hand-crafted tools and devices give man the opportunity to study all the transformations of matter, all its changes. They allow you to see millions of kilometers away, determine and calculate movement, capture the shapes of planets, comets and nebulae in photographs, distinguish the light of distant stars and find out what these stars are made of. celestial bodies and what condition they are in.

And the biblical tale about the double creation of the sky by the Jewish god within two days, and hundreds of other similar tales of other peoples - all this so-called "sacred history" is the children's babble of mankind at the early dawn of its mental development. It is shattered to pieces by everything that science has learned about the universe.

Chapter Four

Very often, opponents of the Bible and Christianity call the biblical ideas about the structure of the Earth and the Universe naive, not in accordance with the laws of physics, or even completely absurd. The ridicule begins already in the first chapter of Genesis, where it speaks of the "firmament of heaven." Critics claim that the writers of the Bible believed the Earth to be a flat disk floating in an endless ocean, surrounded by a solid dome on which the Sun, Moon and stars are fixed.

To assert that the Bible speaks of a flat Earth and a “plywood” sky can only be an ignoramus who is simply not familiar with it.

The Bible says: "And God created the firmament...and God called the firmament heaven..." (Gen. 1st chapter). obsolete Russian word"firmament" means "firmament" or "atmosphere". It is indicative that God called the air "the firmament", i.e. something solid and solid. By the way, the Bible distinguishes two types of "firmament": - "firmament", which appeared after God separated water from land, and "firmament of heaven", which appeared after God separated the atmosphere of the Earth from the stratosphere of the Cosmos.

Why does the Bible speak of the atmosphere, or "stronghold," as something solid? "What kind of solidity is there?" some will say. This can be authoritatively answered: “Very large!”

At one time, scientists became interested in an important question: does air weigh? After many painstaking experiments, scientists have "proven" that air is weightless. This “discovery” of science was included in textbooks and even served as a pretext for mockery of the Bible, which mentions that God “put weight on the wind (air)” (Job 28th chapter). The “fact” of air weightlessness was recognized and confirmed even by such luminaries of science as Galileo and Copernicus. The falsity of this view was proved only by a student of Galileo, the famous Italian scientist Torricelli. He first discovered and demonstrated the law of atmospheric pressure, which led to a radical revolution in the branches of mechanics and industry, with many inventions that followed. No one now disputes the pressure of the atmosphere or the weight of air, but who, if not the Creator, could “put” weight on the air, betraying such amazing power to the atmosphere?

Moreover, the Creator of the Earth not only “put weight on the air”, but also “arranged the water (moisture) according to the measure” (Job, 38th chapter). The presence of moisture in the air also indicates the foresight of the Creator. Moisture rises from the oceans, rivers and lakes, but, having exceeded its prescribed proportion in the air, falls to the Earth in the form of rain, dew, snow, etc. Is it worth talking about the benefits of air humidity? Without moisture and the irrigation associated with it, our planet would turn into a lifeless desert with a surface similar to the surface of the moon.

In the first chapter of Genesis, the word “רַקִיעַ” (“rakia”, emphasis on “and”) is often used (Genesis 1:6, 7, 8, 14, 15, 17, 20). This noun means "sky", "firmament", "vault". The phrase “הָרָקִיעַ הַשְׁבִיעִי” (“a-rakia a-shviyi”) means “seventh heaven”. The word "רַקִיעַ" ("rakia") comes from the verb "רקע" ("cancer") - "stretch", "stretch", "spread", and also "overlay, cover (for example, with thin metal sheets)". The paradigm of this dictionary nest includes one more word: "רֶקַע" ("reka"). It means "background (that which underlies)", "space". The word "רַקִיעַ" has a synonym: "שַמָיִם" ("shamaim") - "heaven", "heaven". Describing Creation, Moses often used a combination of these words: "שַמָיִם רַקִיעַ" - "vault of heaven", "space occupied by heaven."

Trying to convey the semantics of Hebrew words, translators are forced to show extraordinary creative abilities. This is how, for example, some translations of the Torah into Russian sound:

. “At the beginning of the creation by the Almighty of the sky (שַמָיִם) and the earth... and the Almighty said: “Let there be a space (רַקִיעַ) in the middle of the water and it separates the water from the water.” And the Almighty created the space (רַקִיעַ), and divided between the water that is under the space (רַקִיעַ) and between the water that is above the space (רַקִיעַ) ... And the Almighty said: "Let there be lights in the expanse of the sky (שַמָיִםַ רַקִיע)" . .. "and let the birds fly over the earth in the expanse of heaven (שַמָיִםַ רַקִיע)" (Breishit 1:1-20)

Torah with Russian translation. Editor P. Gil, under the general editorship of prof. G. Branover. Shamir Publishing House, Moscow, 5765 (2005)

. “At the beginning of God’s creation of heavenly (שַמָיִם) and earthly... God said: “Let there be a vault (רַקִיעַ) in the midst of the waters, and let it divide between the waters!” And God created this vault (רַקִיעַ), and separated the water under the vault (רַקִיעַ) from the water that remained above the vault (רַקִיעַ) ... And God said: "Let there be lights in the vault of heaven (שַמָיִםַ רַקִיע)" ... " and a bird will fly over the earth over the face of the firmament (שַמָיִםַ רַקִיע)!" (Breishit 1:1-20)

The Pentateuch of Moses, or the Torah. The book of Breishit. Editor D.A. Golubovsky. Publisher D.A. Golubovsky, Moscow, 5765 (2005). ISBN 5-902768-01-2

In Russian, to designate a certain basis, support, basis, space in which one could settle, establish, there is a poetic word "firmament". It can also mean parents parental home, legislation, dogma, God.

IN AND. Dal, in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, characterizes the “firmament of heaven” as follows: “the entire boundless expanse that we see around our earth, attributable to the eye to one hollow plane, on which all the luminaries appear to us.”

Modern dictionary S.I. Ozhegova and N.Yu. Shvedova gives a similar definition: “THE FIRM, -and, well. (high). the firmament of heaven is the sky, the vault of heaven "(S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova:" Dictionary Russian language". The Russian Academy of Sciences. Institute of the Russian Language. V.V. Vinogradov. Publishing house "Azbukovnik", Moscow, 1999)

I believe that it was in this meaning - "firmament", "heavenly space", "atmosphere" - that the word "firmament" was used by the authors of the synodal translation of the Bible. There is no need to talk about a mistake or misunderstanding of the Hebrew semantics, because in other passages of the Bible, the translators used the word "vault" to convey the meaning of the word "רַקִיעַ" (Ezekiel 1:22-26).

Today we can talk about the misunderstanding of the Bible by many of its readers. Unwillingness to delve into the semantics biblical texts, superficial relation to Holy Scripture actively used by opponents of Christianity to ridicule the Bible. Unfortunately, this tactic pays off. A lot of people fall into this trap. Even those who sincerely consider themselves Christians, and even Christian priests, admit stupid, outdated provisions in the Bible, some texts are considered figurative allegories or metaphors. In the Bible, indeed, words are often used in a figurative sense, as part of idiomatic expressions, but this can always be seen from the context or in comparison with other unambiguously understood statements. You just need to be able to read.

3 And God said, Let there be light. And there was light.

4 And God saw the light that it was good, and God separated the light from the darkness.

5 And God called the light day, and the darkness night. And there was evening and there was morning: one day.

6 And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it separate water from water. [And so it was.]

7 And God made the firmament, and separated the water that was under the firmament from the water that was above the firmament. And it became so.

8 And God called the firmament heaven. [And God saw that This well.] And there was evening, and there was morning: the second day.

9 And God said, Let the waters that are under the sky be gathered into one place, and let the dry land appear. And it became so. [And the waters under the sky gathered together in their places, and the dry land appeared.]

10 And God called the dry land earth, and the gathering of the waters he called seas. And God saw that This Fine.

11 And God said, Let the earth bring forth grass, grass yielding seed [after its kind and likeness her, and] a fruitful tree, bearing fruit after its kind, in which is its seed, on the earth. And it became so.

12 And the earth brought forth vegetation, grass yielding seed after its kind [and after its likeness], and a tree [fruitful] bearing fruit, in which is its seed after its kind [on the earth]. And God saw that This Fine.

13 And there was evening and there was morning, the third day.

14 And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament of heaven [to lighten the earth, and] to separate the day from the night, and for signs, and times, and days, and years; 15 And let them be lamps in the firmament of heaven, to give light to the earth. And it became so.

16 And God made two great lights: the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night, and the stars; 17 And God set them in the firmament of heaven to give light to the earth, 18 and rule over the day and night, and separate the light from the darkness. And God saw that This Fine.

19 And there was evening and there was morning, the fourth day.

20 And God said, Let the water bring forth reptiles, living creatures; and let the birds fly over the earth, in the firmament of heaven. [And so it was.]

21 And God created great fish, and every living creature that moveth, which the waters brought forth, after their kind, and every winged bird after its kind. And God saw that This Fine.

22 And God blessed them, saying, Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let birds multiply on the earth.

23 And there was evening and there was morning, the fifth day.

24 And God said, Let the earth bring forth the living creature after its kind, cattle, and creeping things, and beasts of the earth, after their kind. And it became so.

25 And God created the beasts of the earth after their kind, and the cattle after their kind, and every creeping thing on the ground after its kind. And God saw that This Fine.

26 And God said, Let us make man in our image [and] after our likeness, and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the birds of the air, [and over the beasts] and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing, reptiles on the ground.

27 And God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them.

28 And God blessed them, and God said unto them, Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth, and subdue it, and have dominion over the fish of the sea [and over the beasts] and over the birds of the air, [and over every livestock, and over all the earth, ] and over every living thing that creeps on the ground.

"All this would be funny..."
The outstanding researcher of the 20th century, Emmanuel Velikovsky, wrote an amazing book, The Writhing Earth.

This book contains a rich selection of natural science facts - geological, paleontological, etc. - testifying to the details from the Earth's biography forbidden in official science: about the global catastrophes that it has experienced.

These catastrophes changed the face of the Earth rapidly and dramatically: the planet rotated so that the former tropical regions turned out to be in the polar regions, ocean waters rolled over the continents, volcanoes erupted at once, intensifying the devastation from hurricanes and earthquakes. colossal force, the land sank under water, and the seabed rose above the water level, new mountain ranges rose, and valleys filled with lava from monstrous cracks in the earth's crust - and all this caused a sudden, terrible and almost total death of flora and fauna on a planetary scale.

As if in mockery of these tragedies, official science inspires us that only the so-called global cataclysms occurred on Earth. ice ages - although the concept of ice ages crumbles before our eyes under the pressure of facts.

This concept was brought to life by traces of glaciation discovered in Europe. Later, similar traces were found in South Africa, Madagascar, Australia, and then also in tropical (!) Countries. To salvage their idea, the theorists started talking about several ice ages - as if that clarified the problem.

It was believed that catastrophic climate fluctuations ended with the last ice age - hundreds of thousands of years ago. But in 1910, at the International Geological Congress in Stockholm, evidence was presented of climatic catastrophes that occurred during the last thousand years of modern history. Further studies only confirmed these conclusions: one of the strongest climatic emissions occurred in the middle of the second millennium BC, and the other - in 700-800 BC.

Even the analysis of tree rings in long-lived trees, surviving living witnesses of those events, speaks of this last climatic outburst. The "Last Ice Age" took place in the latest historical era, and it was not a global catastrophe.

Arguing about the possible causes of real global catastrophes, E. Velikovsky points to the factors most suitable for this role: either a sharp change in the inclination of the earth's axis, or a sharp shift of the poles, with corresponding changes in latitudes, or a sharp change in the angular velocity of the Earth's rotation around its axis - and , in general, a combination of these three factors.

But none of them can be due to purely earthly physical causes. E. Velikovsky concludes that there were impacts external to the Earth - collisions with other cosmic bodies. Since neither meteor showers nor impacts of large asteroids could cause global effects, E. Velikovsky talks about the collisions of the Earth with Venus and Mars (see his book "Worlds in collision").

This version seems to us extremely implausible. First, where are the traces of monstrous collisions on the surface of the Earth? Secondly, the radii of the almost circular orbits of the planets in the solar system obey a strict mathematical pattern - the Titius-Bode rule. This high orderliness of the motion of the planets could hardly have been established spontaneously, and even after their collisions.

But if we discard the version of planetary collisions as implausible, then what is the plausible reason for the sharp changes in the parameters of the Earth's rotation? Our version is based on a new, honest concept of the nature of gravity.

We were implanted with a false concept, according to which gravity is generated by masses, which is why all material bodies are attracted to each other in pairs. But there is a lot of experimental evidence that the masses have nothing to do with the production of gravity: the substance only obeys gravity, which is organized regardless of substance .

Earth's planetary gravitation is not generated by the Earth, the Earth is only kept in the center of the planetary "gravitational funnel", which is organized artificially, and whose parameters, in principle, are controllable. Here, in our opinion, lies the key: Those who are able to control the Earth's gravity, have the ability to arrange global catastrophes on Earth.

Before setting forth the manner in which these catastrophes may have been arranged, let us briefly outline the traces of these catastrophes.

Traces of global catastrophes on Earth.
All the information below about the traces of global catastrophes is our retelling of the contents of the book, which contains numerous links to primary sources.

* In Alaska, gold miners turned over a considerable amount of soil, which is a mixture of gravel and humus. This humus contains a myriad of frozen bones of extinct animals - mammoths, mastodons, superbison and horses.

How could this great massacre take place - in which millions of animals were torn to pieces and mixed with fragments of uprooted trees? Powerful volcanic eruptions are excluded in this case - lava can char trees, but it cannot uproot them and break them into chips. Hurricane and flood? But what caused the ocean waters to rush onto land, demolish the forests along with their inhabitants, and throw heaps of this mess all over Alaska?

* The permafrost of Siberia preserved not only the mammoth tusks that Russia exported. In 1797, in the north-east of Siberia, a completely preserved mammoth body was first found: its meat had the properties of freshly frozen, wolves and dogs ate it without unpleasant consequences.

Such finds indicate that animal corpses were frozen immediately after death and were never thawed.

Charles Darwin admitted that the death of mammoths is an unsolvable riddle for him. In the stomachs and between the teeth of mammoths, plants and herbs were found that do not grow in Northern Siberia. And studies of the blood of mammoths indicated that their death was not only sudden, but also, specifically, from suffocation - the herds of mammoths choked.

* The soil of the New Siberian Islands - and other islands in the northern seas of Russia - is literally stuffed with the bones of mammoths, elephants, buffaloes and rhinos, cemented in frozen sand. How did herds of animals, which require a huge amount of plant food every day, end up in barren spaces where ice cold reigns for ten months of the year?

* Paleontologist Cuvier, examining the gypsum deposits of France, found a clear division into layers, indicating that once most of France was the seabed, then land inhabited by land reptiles, then again the seabed inhabited by marine animals, then land again, inhabited by mammals, then again by the seabed and again by land. Cuvier was especially struck by the presence of intermediate layers with a complete absence of animal remains - which testified to periods of lifelessness of the Earth.

* In one of the caves in England, at a height of 80 feet above the valley, under the bottom covered with stalagmites, bones of elephants, rhinos, hippos, horses, deer, saber-toothed tigers, bears, wolves, hyenas, foxes, hares, rabbits were found ... Similar finds were made in France. It is hard to imagine that reindeer from snowy Lapland and hippos from the banks of the tropical Congo River lived side by side in Britain or France. However, the bones of both rest in the same mud of the same caves. Moreover, these bones did not have time to petrify, and the organics included in their composition have not yet been replaced by minerals. This means that death occurred no earlier than 5-6 thousand years ago.

* Scotland's red sandstone deposits contain the remains of a myriad of extinct fish. The postures of their bodies are indicative of sudden mass agony - which rules out attacks by predators or disease. Similar fish cemeteries are found in other places on land - for example, in Northern Italy: accumulations of suddenly dead fish were buried with lime deposits even before their bodies began to decompose.

In natural conditions of the wild, the flesh of animal corpses is quickly eaten by other animals (sometimes along with the bones). So, a dead fish either floats to the surface or sinks to the bottom - and it is eaten in a matter of hours. Mass fossils of animals, with imprints not only of bones, but also of bodies, indicate that the death of these animals did not occur in natural conditions, but as a result of cataclysms.

* In Southern England and in Western Europe crevices in the rocks, up to a height of 1430 feet, are clogged with the bones of animals - mammoths, hippos, rhinos, horses, polar bears, bison, hyenas, lions, wolves. The bones are broken into numerous fragments and mixed, the whole skeletons are missing. There is not a single indication of the work of predators - besides, their bones rest there. Some force indiscriminately threw the corpses on the rocks and rammed the crevices with them. And, judging by the condition of the bones, this happened, by historical standards, recently.

* In 1912, in Maryland (USA), workers digging for a railroad discovered a cavern filled with animal bones - in an amazing assortment. There were the remains of northerners - wolverines and lemmings, shrews, minks, red squirrels, muskrats, porcupines, hares and elks; southerners - wild pigs, fossil crocodiles and tapirs; as well as the current inhabitants of the American west - coyotes, badgers and cougars. The bones of the inhabitants of the rivers were adjacent to the bones of the inhabitants of dry spaces, the bones of the inhabitants of the forests - with the bones of the inhabitants of the prairies, the bones of extinct animals - with the bones of those living today. And the intermingling of the bones spoke of the fact that death had overtaken them all at the same time.

* In China, not far from Beijing, in caverns and crevices of rocks, perfectly preserved bones of animals and people were found - moreover, in one of the clusters were the remains of a European, Malaysian and Eskimo. The brokenness of the bones spoke of a violent death. What brought these three together? International Business? But their remains were mixed with the remains of animals whose habitats were also radically different: they were inhabitants of the tundra, steppes and jungles.

* At the La Bria ranch near Los Angeles, an abundance of animal bones was found - in a valley filled with bitumen mixed with clay and sand. Again, the bones belonged to both extinct and living species; again, the bones were broken and mixed. In the state of Nebraska, in an agate quarry, a sediment layer teeming with fossil bones was discovered. The condition of the bones speaks of a long and arduous journey before reaching their final resting place.

Some force dragged tens of thousands of animals from afar and threw them into a common grave. The catastrophe appears to have been devastating as these animals - the small two-horned rhinoceros, the clawed horse, the giant pig and the gazelle camel - disappeared from the face of the earth. But nothing in their remains indicates signs of degeneration: they were killed by the rampage of the elements, and not evolutionary selection at all.

Similar cemeteries have been found in many places in America and Europe. In Germany, in the suburbs of Berlin, fossil remains of "two faunas" were found: mammoths, musk oxen, reindeer and polar foxes living in cold climates, as well as lions, hyenas, bison, buffaloes and elephants living in hot climates. These "two faunas" were attributed to life in different periods: glacial and interglacial - although their bones were found mixed.

* A fantastic amount of lava has spilled in the past in the states of Washington, Oregon and Idaho - over an area larger than the combined area of ​​France, Switzerland and Belgium, and the current thickness of this cooled lava reaches 5000 feet. No volcanic eruption is capable of producing such an amount of lava. It was not a stream, not a river - it was a flood from horizon to horizon, evaporating lakes, incinerating forests and melting boulders. And, artifacts found at a depth testify: before this lava flood, people lived there.

* The Sahara, the world's greatest desert, was once surrounded by greenery that fed herds of herbivores. This is evidenced by rock carvings depicting these animals - including extinct ones (!). Next to these drawings were found tools, vessels and weapons characteristic of the Neolithic. This means that the appearance of the Sahara has changed radically in the historical era.

* Three full-flowing rivers once flowed along the Arabian Peninsula from west to east. In the south of the Arabian Desert, ruins were found, almost completely destroyed by time and the elements, and traces of an agricultural culture were found. There was a time when this land was fertile - like the present India, located on the same latitude.

* Numerous indications have been found at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean that not so long ago this bottom was land. Seafloor surveys have provided indications of volcanic catastrophes that covered the seas with ash and flooded lava flows, and seismic catastrophes that raised and lowered the ocean floor thousands of feet. In many places, notably off the coast of Sweden, the seafloor is formed by fresh, cooled lava covered only by a thin layer of sedimentary rock.

* Fossils of magnolias and fig trees have been discovered in Northern Greenland. Thickets of subtropical exotic plants with juicy fruits grew in the Arctic, which plunges into the polar night every six months. And on the Svalbard archipelago in the Arctic Ocean, dead coral colonies have been found that grow only in tropical waters - even in Egypt or Morocco it is too cold for them.

In addition to corals, deposits of charcoal up to 30 feet thick have been found there. For the formation of such powerful seams of coal, tree-like vegetation had to simply run amok. By the way, as a result of the natural life of the forest, coal is not formed: dead woody parts turn into dust, then into humus - and go to food for new plants. Deposits of charcoal could only be formed as a result of cataclysms.

* In many places, so-called. wandering boulders - huge, sometimes up to 10,000 tons, fragments of rocks, the composition of which indicates that they were moved from distant places. So, alpine boulders are found in the Jura mountains, boulders from Finland spread through the Baltic states and Poland with an entry into the Carpathian mountains, as well as through the Valdai Upland and the Moscow region - to the Don. In North America, boulders cut from the granites of Canada and Labrador have spread throughout many states of the northeastern United States. Boulders from the mountains of Norway are found in abundance in Germany, as well as on the coasts and uplands of Britain, now separated from Scandinavia by the North Sea.

* The age of rock formations is determined by the fossils they contain. To the amazement of scientists, in many mountain ranges, younger formations are higher than older ones, i.e. these arrays grew due to successive heaps of new material. This is especially true of the Rocky Mountains and the Alps. The problem of mountain building is a painful problem.

Many mountains are made of rocks that are strongly compressed parallel to the earth's surface - which indicates the monstrous forces that wrinkled the earth's crust. Geologists have not found an explanation for these compressions, nor for the ability of some mountains to move along the surface - to cross valleys and even climb other mountains. So, some force dragged the Alps a hundred miles to the north. Chief Mountain in Montana crossed the plain, climbed the side of another mountain and stayed on its top. The entire Glacier National Park in Montana and much of the Rocky Mountains have moved miles. The mountains in the west of Scotland and in Norway have been moved from their places.

* Scientists of the 19th century, who explored the most powerful mountain range, the Himalayas, were simply frightened: at any height they climbed, skeletons of marine animals, ocean fish, and mollusk shells were found in the thickness of the rocks. The highest mountains are molded from the former seabed! According to theorists, the Himalayas formed to their present form long before the appearance of man on Earth. But here in Kashmir, at an altitude of 5000 feet, sediments of the ancient seabed were found - with fossils typical of the Paleolithic. It seems that the Himalayas grew before the eyes of people.

* In Scandinavia, Germany, Switzerland and Northern Italy, the remains of pile settlements on lakes have been found. Somewhere in the middle of the second millennium BC. a catastrophe occurred - all these settlements were covered with water and covered with mud, sand and lime deposits. New pile settlements arose only around 1200 BC, but after 400 years of calm, the catastrophe repeated itself. "High water" was accompanied by powerful tectonic shifts: the lakes suddenly tilted their bottoms in relation to the horizon plane - as evidenced by the traces of the former coastlines.

In many parts of the sea coast traces of former surf lines are found, which were higher or lower than the present ones - with a height difference of up to 1300 feet. The absence of traces of intermediate surf lines indicates that the changes occurred abruptly.

Velikovsky's working hypothesis.
The global catastrophes, the traces of which we briefly outlined, had a grandiose breadth of manifestations: it was not just about the flood, not just about volcanic eruptions, not just about the writhing of the earth's crust - all the planetary elements "went crazy" at once. But all this riot of elements could be caused by the same reason - inertial force effects.

E. Velikovsky writes: “ Let's accept, as a working hypothesis, that as a result of the impact or some force factor - and the Earth does not move in empty space - the earth's axis has shifted or changed its inclination.

Immediately there would be a global earthquake. Air and water would continue to move by inertia; hurricanes would roll over the surface, and the seas would rush to the continents, along with gravel, sand, and marine animals tossed onto land. A strong increase in heat would melt rocks and cause volcanic eruptions, lava would flow out of ruptures in the earth's crust and cover vast areas ...

Lakes would lean and lose water, rivers would change their courses… Forests would burn… seas would turn into deserts…” (our translation).

But what was the cause of the perturbations of the Earth's rotation? The version of E. Velikovsky, as we have already said, looks extremely implausible - after all, he tried to find an explanation that did not go beyond the concepts of orthodox physics. He hardly allowed the idea that there are Those whose power allows you to act on the rotation of the Earth with a simple "pressing a button."

Let us briefly outline the physical principles on which the possibility of such influences is based.

Inertial background, or "celestial firmament".
According to the new concept of gravity, it is generated by "purely software means." Thus, in a spherically symmetric planetary “gravitational funnel”, these programs provide the dependence of the mass of an elementary particle on its radius vector: the farther the particle is from the center of the funnel, the greater its mass.

Thus, a vertical energy gradient is directly formed in the test body - which, by definition, causes a thrust that acts on this body down the local vertical. The programs that generate the Earth's gravity work completely independently of the Earth's substance: the planet is simply kept in the center of the planetary "gravitational funnel".

There is irrefutable experimental evidence that, contrary to the law of universal gravitation, this funnel, i.e. the area of ​​terrestrial gravity, has a boundary - at a radius of about 900 thousand km - and that, within the area of ​​terrestrial gravity, the effect of solar gravitation on matter disabled .

The same programs that form the area of ​​planetary gravitation, set in this area a "monolithic" inertial background, aptly called "celestial firmament". Physically, it manifests itself as follows: the speed of the test body has a unique value in relation to the local section of the inertial background on which the body is located.

These unambiguous velocities - called "locally absolute" - have an important physical meaning: it is their squares that determine the unambiguous values ​​of the kinetic energies of bodies, i.e. ensure the uniqueness of all energy transformations involving kinetic energies. And the transformation of energies is already serious, these are real physical effects, including force ones, which are always unambiguous: either the body will collapse or not. It is for the sake of uniqueness of force effects that the uniqueness of velocities and kinetic energies is arranged.

One may ask - how can we talk about some local absolute speeds, if we were taught at school that all motion is relative? We answer: we were taught incorrectly, because we did not finish the main thing. “Movement is relative” only from the standpoint of formal logic, and in the real physical world, where there are certainly force effects and accelerations, formal logic is no longer enough.

It is the local-absolute velocity that determines the Keplerian trajectory in the free flight of the body. It is the local-absolute speed of the apparatus that needs to be known in order to correctly calculate the fuel consumption and maneuvers during controlled space flight. It is the local-absolute speed that determines the kinematic shifts of quantum levels in matter - the direct cause of the quadratic-Doppler deceleration of the atomic clock.

The unambiguity of this deceleration (the course of the clock, not time!) is demonstrated by all experiments without exception with transportable atomic clocks - including those on board GPS satellites. The very formation of the GPS system time scale is based on the concept of local-absolute velocities, and not on the ridiculous "principle of relativity", which has not a single (!) honest experimental confirmation.

One may ask further: how, in practice, can one know the locally absolute velocities of bodies? Answer: easy. In the area of ​​action of planetary gravitation, local-absolute velocities are the velocities in the frame of reference, rigidly connected with the planetary inertial background. In the area of ​​terrestrial gravity, these are velocities in a geocentric non-rotating frame of reference.

Thus, the local-absolute velocity of a satellite is its linear orbital velocity. The local-absolute speed of a section of the Earth's surface is not equal to zero, it is equal to the linear speed of daily rotation at its latitude and is directed to the local east. The local-absolute speed of a moving train is the corresponding vector sum of its ground speed and the local-absolute speed of the surface section along which the train is moving. Remember: the kinetic energies of bodies are unambiguous, they are determined by the squares of their locally absolute velocities.

What is "inertial drift".
According to the logic of the above, all movements of bodies in near-Earth inertial space, i.e. within the terrestrial gravitational field, must occur regardless of the fact that this region, in turn, orbits around the Sun and - together with the entire solar system - around the center of the Galaxy ...

Almost everything is exactly the same - with the correction for the fact that acceleration in motion, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bterrestrial gravity causes the bodies in it to have the same magnitude and opposite in direction acceleration, which is called inertial drift acceleration. There is experimental evidence that such inertial drift is a real physical phenomenon.

Thus, it is reliably known that the orbital motion of the Earth's gravity around the Sun is not purely Keplerian: the orbital velocity of this motion has a sinusoidal modulation with a period of a synodic month. This "forward-backward" chatter superimposed on "smooth" motion is thought to work as a parameter for the period of the Moon's revolution around the Earth.

So: the resulting sinusoidal acceleration of the gravitational field leads to many interesting effects. First of all, the acceleration of the inertial drift is acquired by the Moon, which perturbs its orbital motion around the Earth, giving rise to one of the main inequalities in the motion of the Moon (i.e. deviations from the Keplerian motion) - the so-called. evection.

Further, the accelerations of the inertial drift acquire satellites, which is why their orbits are also perturbed. The resulting variations in sidereal-month GPS orbit parameters that are reliably detected by tracking services cannot be explained in terms of traditional concepts. Finally, the synodic turbulence of the Earth's gravity has an effect not only on the free movement of bodies in near-Earth space, but also on the matter of the Earth.

The acceleration of inertial drift is included, as a small correction, in all local vectors of gravity - therefore, these vectors, due to the rotation of the Earth around its axis, experience daily rotational deviations. It is these rotational deviations of local plumb lines, and not at all the short-range and far from the earth lunar gravity, are the true generators of the rotating tidal waves in the oceans.

No matter how unusual it looks in the light of the physics that has been planted upon us, it is a fact: the jerking of the “monolithic inertial space”, which defines the area of ​​​​terrestrial gravity, directly generates force effects on matter - due to inertial drift accelerations.

And this directly follows from the aforementioned concept of single-valued, locally-absolute velocities - the values ​​of which are measured in relation to the inertial background. The rule of inertial influences is as follows: they are generated by sharp changes in velocities. And now we note that it is possible to sharply change the local-absolute velocities of bodies not only by force effects on these bodies, but also by non-force effects - by “pulling” the inertial background. Which is observed in experience.

That is, programmatic influences, which give sufficiently large accelerations of the planetary inertial background, can cause such accelerations of the inertial drift of the planet's matter, which will lead to global cataclysms.

How could it be.
It was mentioned above that the planetary inertial space, which provides planetary gravitation, is organized by "purely software means", i.e. artificially. It can hardly be doubted that those who developed, debugged and launched into automatic mode the operation of these programs have the ability to interfere with this automatic work.

For example, it is possible to simply turn off planetary gravity. The assumption of just such a scenario gives the only reasonable explanation for the phenomenon of the asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter - where, according to the Titius-Bode rule, the orbit of another planet should be. The idea that the asteroid belt was formed due to the fact that the former planet was blown away by a powerful explosion is naive.

Any ballistician will confirm that, as a result of such an explosion, the fragments of the planet would acquire a wide variety of orbital velocities, which is why they would fly around the Sun in the most diverse orbits. And for the debris to form belt near the former orbit of the planet, its substance must disperse quietly . This is exactly what will happen if planetary gravity is turned off: the planet will crumble due to the operation of elastic forces alone, compensating for gravitational contraction.

So, let's assume the existence of Those who are able to do anything with the gravitational funnel, in the center of which the Earth rotates. Let's consider what happens if we carry out a simple program procedure with the inertial background of this funnel: suddenly bring it into rotation - in the same direction, with the same angular velocity, and with the same axis of rotation as that of the Earth.

Recall that the unambiguous speed of a body, which determines its unambiguous kinetic energy, is the speed with respect to the inertial background. This means that after the aforementioned twisting of the inertial background, the following will happen: the masses that make up the Earth, which moved due to the daily rotation of the Earth at speeds up to hundreds of meters per second, will suddenly have to nullify their speeds.

But they will not be able to do it instantly - powerful inertial force effects will arise. The consequences of these force actions will be different for different types of masses. It is not difficult to imagine how the mobile masses - the atmosphere and ocean waters - will behave. Atmospheric masses will waste their former kinetic energy on hurricanes of unprecedented strength, accompanied by powerful phenomena of atmospheric electricity. As for ocean waters...

A task for the 10th grade: to what height can water, moving at a speed of 400 m / s, shoot up when you try to stop it abruptly? Unfortunately, in hydrodynamics there is no equation that models such a situation in relation to the ocean.

And through the calculation of the dynamic head, based on the Bernoulli equation, it is possible to solve the proposed problem only in a rough approximation. The answer is this: if the "drag coefficient" were to be equal to one, ocean water could shoot up 8 km. With half the coefficient, the ocean could shoot up 4 km, but this is not much easier: one way or another, the oceans would roll over the continents, washing away and destroying everything in their path.

The same inertial influences would tear rocks from their places, roll wandering boulders, move mountains, wrinkle the earth's crust and at the same time mold new mountain ranges and build up existing ones - layering new formations on top of the old ones.

The same inertial effects, through the friction of the layers of the earth's crust moving along each other and through their deformation, would give a sharp increase in temperature in the areas of mechanical action - and, accordingly, an increased formation of lava, which could pour out to the surface through gaps and faults. As a result of all these perturbations of water and land, the outlines of the continents and oceans could change beyond recognition. What energy would be spent on all these titanic changes? Answer: the former kinetic energy of rotation of the masses that make up the Earth - after all, in a new situation, this energy should become zero. Everything is fair.

It remains to explain how climatic anomalies and such rotations of the Earth were arranged, in which the tropical regions became polar, and vice versa.

“As I want, so I turn!”
Only one of the variants of the rotation of the planetary inertial background is described above - in which the axis of this rotation coincides with the axis of rotation of the planet. In this case, the axis of rotation of the planet will not change its orientation with respect to the "fixed stars", and the planet itself will not rotate so that new points of the surface appear at the poles.

But after all, the planetary inertial background can be twisted so that its axis of rotation does not coincide with the axis of rotation of the planet - but only intersects with it in the center of the planet. Then, depending, firstly, on the angle between the axes of rotation of the terrestrial inertial background and the Earth, and, secondly, on the difference between their angular velocities of rotation, the results would be two more pronounced effects.

Namely: the precession of the Earth's axis of rotation - in particular, changing the inclination of this axis to the plane of the orbit - and the rotation of the Earth, translating new points of the surface into the poles. In the general case, with suitable swirls of the earth's inertial background, it is possible to change all parameters characterizing the rotation of the Earth - the angular velocity of rotation, the position of the axis of rotation in the Earth itself, as well as the orientation of the axis of rotation with respect to fixed stars - and, therefore, its inclination to the plane of the orbit . The sharper the change of any of these three parameters is carried out, the more crushing inertial influences it will be accompanied by.

Thus we come to the solution of how the tropical regions of the Earth became polar. As for climatic anomalies, it seems to us that here things could not have happened without changes in the inclination of the Earth's axis of rotation to the plane of its orbit. Take, for example, the notorious "Ice Age". There are instructions for it.

But they believe in fairy tales about the fact that most of the Earth's surface was covered with an ice shell due to the fact that for some reason the temperature on Earth suddenly dropped. They even invent highly scientific reasons for the drop in temperature - the blocking of sunlight by clouds of volcanic ash ... or dust and smoke due to the impact of a large meteorite ... or, here's another, the latest fashion: the "nuclear winter" has come, they say, due to ancient wars with the use of nuclear weapons .

We answer: it is possible!

The named problem seems unsolvable only under the implicit assumption that all those places on the continents where traces of an ice shell are found were covered with this shell. simultaneously . But there is no indication that this was the case. Now, as you know, the Earth has ice polar caps.

By influencing the earth's inertial background, it was possible to slowly rotate the Earth in such a way that all those regions of the northern and southern hemispheres, where signs of glaciation are found, pass through the polar regions in succession - so that this ice circle is completed, say, in a couple of hundred years. This, in principle, is possible with the current size of the polar caps, which are subject to seasonal fluctuations - in winter, the northern polar cap grows, and the southern one decreases, and in summer everything happens the other way around.

These seasonal fluctuations in the size of the polar caps are due to seasonal variations in the amount of solar heat falling on them - due to the slight inclination of the earth's axis to the plane of the orbit. But this inclination could be increased. Then, in the polar regions, the annual range of solar thermal effects would increase - in both hemispheres, the intensity of both the melting of the ice cap and the evaporation of ocean water in the hot season, and the freezing of the ice cap in the cold season, would increase.

And then, in the course of the "Ice Age", i.e. slowly creeping ever new regions of the Earth's surface under the polar caps, seasonal fluctuations in the size of the polar caps would have a greater scope than now.

This, of course, would cause some inconvenience to the flora and fauna. But, if the "ice age" really took place according to the "creeping" scenario described above, then this period did not have any globally catastrophic impact on flora and fauna.
Global catastrophic impacts, it seems to us, had the above described inertial effects due to sharp movements of the earth's inertial background - at the same time, not only flora and fauna, but also highly developed civilizations, evidence of which are well known, were swept off the face of the Earth.