The main gods of ancient Egypt. Shu is the god of air, separating heaven and earth. Gods of the air element God Shu: appearance and function
During the creation of the universe, Shu lifted the sky - Nut - from the earth - Geb and then supported him with outstretched arms. When Ra, after his reign, sat on the back of a heavenly cow, Shu also supported her with his hands. Thus, Shu is the god of airspace, illuminated by the sun; subsequently he received the character of the deity of the scorching midday sun. In the hymns (by the way, in the magic papyrus of Harris) Shu is called the overthrower of the enemies of the light, striking them with a spear and flame. Later myths told about the reign of Shu on earth together with Tefnut after the departure of Ra: "His Majesty Shu was an excellent king of heaven, earth, hell, waters, winds, floods, mountains, seas." After many millennia, he also ascended to heaven. Shu was considered the second member of the great ennead and was compared with the god of war Ankhur (the latter's name means "heaven bearer"), revered in Thinis and Sebennit, with Thoth and Khons.
Shu("empty"), in Egyptian mythology god of air, separating heaven and earth, son of the solar god Ra-Atum, husband and brother of the goddess of moisture Tefnut. He was most often depicted as a man standing on one knee with his hands raised, with which he supports the sky above the earth.
The god Shu is one of the judges of the dead in the underworld. In the myth of the return of Tefnut, the solar Eye from Nubia, Shu, together with Thoth, having taken the form of a baboon, returned the goddess to Egypt with singing and dancing, where, after her marriage with Shu, the spring flowering of nature began.
As the god of the wind, Shu was part of the Heliopolis ennead of gods. According to the Heliopolis legend about the creation of the world, he was considered the father of Geb and Nut. Heliopolis (in Greek - "city of the sun"; Egyptian name - Iunu), ancient city in the Nile Delta, north of modern Cairo.
From the V dynasty (XXVI-XXV centuries BC) to the Ptolemaic dynasty, Heliopolis was the center of the cult of the god Ra, identified with the local god Atum, the father of the god Shu. Heliopolis itself in Hellenistic times is identified with the biblical city of On.
The veneration of Shu was especially expressive in Leontopol in the Delta, from whose temple the images of Shu in the form of a lion and a man with a lion's head, as well as his throne carried by lions, passed to the Berlin Museum. Even more often he was depicted as a seated man, with his arms outstretched upwards to support the sky; many statuettes of this kind have come down to us - original prototypes of Atlantes. On the walls of the sarcophagi of the New Kingdom are usually images of him at the moment when he separates Nut and Geb.
It is said that the Egyptian deity Shu lifted the sky from the earth and held it with outstretched arms, and also supported the back of the heavenly cow when Ra sat on her back, after his reign. The Egyptian deity Shu was also called the god of air space, which is illuminated by the sun. Because of this, he also received the character of the deity of the burning midday sun.
In hymns and in the miraculous papyrus of Harris, he is called a fighter, destroying the enemies of light with fire and a spear. Later myths tell that after the departure of Ra, the deity Shu, together with Tefnut, reigned on earth.
He was an excellent king of the underworld and the waters, the sky and the earth, the winds and the flood, the mountains and the sea. After millennia, he ascended to heaven.
The Egyptian deity Shu was compared with the god of war Ankhur (“bearer of the sky”), who was revered in Sebennit and Thinis, with Khons and Thoth. He was the second member of the great Ennead.
He was depicted as a lion or a man with a lion's head, but most often in the form of a seated man, with his arms outstretched upwards in order to hold the sky. The throne of this deity was carried by lions. On the walls of the sarcophagi, he was depicted at the moment when he separates Geb and Nut.
Egyptian idea of the sky. The god Seb lies on the earth, and the god Shu supports the goddess Nut - the modern Galaxy.
Our working hypothesis remains the same - "One Lord, different nations at different times gave the same knowledge about Himself and about the Universe, but in a different guise"
INTRODUCTION
VEDIC GOD LORD SHIVA AND EGYPTIAN GOD SHU
COMMENT 1:
It is significant to note that in Shaivism, according to the Shiva Purana, Shiva is the creator of both Vishnu and Brahma . However, in Vaishnavism and their scriptures Shiva the great devotee of the supreme personality of god krishna(Srimad Bhagavatam). However, Lord Shiva is a liberated being and can take on a four-armed form like Krishna and Vishnu.
VEDIC GOD LORD SHIVA
Shiva personifies the cosmic consciousness, the static masculine principle of the universe (Purusha), “ opposite" Shakti (Prakriti), dynamic feminine principle of the universe .
Late in development mythological worldview India (Puran period, approximately 300-1200), Shiva united with the creator Brahma and supporter (comm. our universe ) Vishnu. Shiva is part of the supreme triad (trimurti) as the destructive beginning of the universe (comm. after the end of the period of existence of our universe ). At the same time, in some traditions of India, such as Kashmir Shaivism, Shiva is an absolute deity, performing the functions of both creation and destruction. .
Rice. 1. Statue of four-armed Shiva. Sandstone, 11th-12th century, Cham Sculpture Museum, Vietnam. ( comm. The palms and fingers of the two back hands of Shiva are folded in the sacred Wise ( comm . Arrow of Vadra above his head, which suggests an appeal to another deity, who is higher than Shiva in status )».
FORM OF SHIVA -
Ardhanari or Ardhanarishvara
Rice. 2. The figure shows Shiva in the form − Ardhanarishvara (Skt.) - the form of Lord Shiva in the form of two halves, ( comm. as in the human body) on right (male ) - Lord Shiva, left (feminine ) the wife of Shiva - Mrs. Parvati (Durga ). Close to Lord Shiva vahana - bull Nandin(other ind. " happy "- a servant and friend who accompanies the cosmic dance ( tandavu ) Shiva). On Nandina Shiva moves in space and time. Close to Mrs. Parvati (Durga (hard to reach )) – mother goddess. Her vahana the lion on which She also moves in space and time.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: " Ardhanari or Ardhanarishvara(Skt. अर्धनारीश्वर, Ardhanārīśvara IAST) is an androgynous Hindu deity, the combined form of the deity Shiva and his wife, the goddess Parvati (also known as Devi, Shakti and Uma). Ardhanarishvara is depicted as half man, half woman. As a rule, the right side of the deity is depicted as Shiva, and the left side as Parvati. The mythology of Ardhanarishvara is expounded in the Puranas. The origins of the deity Ardhanarishvara should be sought in the hermaphrodite figures of ancient Indian and ancient Greek cultures. Earliest depictions Ardhanarishvara date back to the Kushan period. Iconography Ardhanarishvara gradually developed and reached its peak during the Gupta period. Although Ardhanarishvara continues to be one of the popular iconographic forms in Shaivite religious art, there are very few temples dedicated to this deity.
Ardhanarishvara personifies the synthesis of the male and female energies of the universe (Purusha and Prakriti) and shows how the female form of God — Shakti, inseparable from the male form - Shiva. The unity of these two forms is proclaimed the root of the entire universe. According to another interpretation, Ardhanarishvara symbolizes the all-pervading nature Shiva.
With the help of knowledge about the matrix of the Universe, we will analyze in more detail the form Shiva – Ardhanarishvara, by combining the image of this form with the Upper World of the matrix of the Universe ( comm. the world of the gods) :
Rice. 3. The figure shows the image of Lord Shiva in the form Ardhanarishvara, combined with the Upper world of the matrix of the Universe. Shiva's eyes are located at the 22nd level of the Upper world of the matrix of the Universe. The aura of glow around the head of Shiva extends up to the 27th level of the Upper world of the matrix of the Universe. The remaining details of the combination are clearly visible in the figure.
FORM OF SHIVA
parasiva, Paramashiva
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:
« parasiva, Paramashiva(Skt. परशिव paraśiva IAST, Skt. परमशिव paramaśiva IAST - “ Super Shiva ”) - in Shaivism and in close Shaktian schools, the highest aspect of Shiva, the Absolute reality. It's Shiva like tat IAST in mahavakya tat tvam asi IAST - "You are That", - unattainable for consciousness (people) , impersonal, outside of time - space - form - Sachchidananda -vigraha (Skt. सच्चिदानंदविग्रह, saccidānandavigraha IAST) - and inaccessible to description. This is the one whom Advaita Vedanta calls Nirguna Brahman ( comm. Unmanifested Reality) (English) - in contrast to the Saguna Brahman (English), the Manifested Reality, called Parashakti (Paramashakti ).
Merge with Him in mystical union - the goal of all embodied souls, for which they live on this planet and which gives the deepest meaning to their experiences. Achieving this is called self-realization or nirvikalpa samadhi.
veneration Shu was especially expressive in Letopol in the delta, from the temple of which the images were transferred to the Berlin Museum Shu in the form of a lion and a man with a lion's head, as well as his throne, carried by lions. Even more often he was depicted as a seated man, with his arms outstretched upwards to support the sky; many figurines of this kind have come down to us - original prototypes of Atlantes. On the walls of the sarcophagi of the New Kingdom, images of him are common at the moment when he separates Nut and Geb.
COMMENT 4:
Here are some figures confirming a number of theses from the previous text:
- "At ( comm. creation of the Universe) Shu lifted the sky - Nut - from the earth - Geb and then supported him with outstretched hands.
Rice. 5. god in the picture Shu stands in the center with raised hands. He divided the earth god Hebe (at the bottom) and the sky goddess chickpeas(up). According to the myth, they constantly clashed because of their children. At the bottom of the picture English written: "Above the head of God Shu the hieroglyph is located heck or Heqt , meaning the magical power and strength that the god possesses Shu. In the work on the site - (Posted on July 9, 2013 in | ) we spoke in detail about the sacred purpose of the stars on the body of Nut. In this case, the Egyptian priests depicted the 21st star on the body ( goddesses of the stars) chickpeas.
Rice. 6. The picture shows a god Shu standing on the right knee. Hands Shu raised up, where a kind of arc supports an ellipsoidal object standing on its head. But it is definitely not the sun, as is often believed in modern Egyptology. Egyptian priests could, with modest means, put whole concepts of sacred knowledge into drawings, taking into account the knowledge about the matrix of the Universe that they possessed. Moreover, almost all sacred drawings were made by priests in the matrix of the Universe. The template of the matrix of the Universe was removed, and the proportions of the drawings and the drawings themselves were opened for public viewing . Thus, the secret of knowledge about the matrix of the Universe was preserved.
Compatible Image Shu(Fig. 6), standing on the right knee with the matrix of the Universe. Since, according to our hypothesis, the Egyptian god Shu and vedic god Shiva identical deities , then the combination of the image of God Shu kneeling on the right, we will draw on top of the image Shiva in the shape of Ardhanarishvara, which is shown in figure 3 .
Rice. 7. The figure below shows the result of combining the image of the Egyptian god Shu(Fig. 6) with the matrix of the Universe on top of the image of God Shiva in the shape of Ardhanarishvara. The key to combine the image of the kneeling god Shu with the matrix of the Universe was the height of the base (A), equal to the distance between two adjacent levels of the matrix of the Universe, as shown in the figure . god eye level Shu combined with the 14th level of the Upper World of the matrix of the Universe. To the right of the knee of God Shu (IN) shows a scale of 8 levels of the matrix of the Universe. According to the proportions of the human body, if god Shu stands upright, then the level of his eyes will be aligned with the level of the eyes standing god Shiva in the shape of Ardhanarishvara. This is shown by the second scale ( IN) in 8 levels, going up from the eye level of the kneeling god Shu. The remaining details of the combination are clearly visible in the figure.
Rice. 8. The figure shows the result of combining two images of the Egyptian god Shu(Fig. 6), standing vertically one above the other, with the Upper world of the matrix of the Universe. Eye level standing god Shu combined with the 22nd level of the Upper world of the matrix of the Universe, as well as the Level of the eyes of God Shiva in the previous figure.
SUMMARY
Shu and vedic god Shiva ,
We continue the presentation of the results of our research:
According to the Vedas "Original Creator" - Mula Purusha creates a new universe from the five primary elements - Panchamahabhuta. In our work on the site, we considered this issue in detail - (Posted on April 13, 2013 in | ). Below in the figure we will show from this work the records in Sanskrit of these concepts in the Upper world of the matrix of the Universe.
Fig.9. The figure shows the entries " Names-Names » in Sanskrit to the Upper world of the matrix of the Universe: 1 ) Mula Purusha And Mula Prakriti. 2) Consistently - from top to bottom from the 40th level of the Upper world of the matrix of the Universe, records in Sanskrit are shown “ Names-Names » « five elements ". Their names and order are as follows: 1) Akasha–(आकाश, ākāśa) "visibility" - 2) Wayu- (वायु) - "wind", "air" - the god of the wind - 3) Agni(Sanskrit अग्नि, “fire”, - 4) Jala- (जल jala) - "Water" (water) - 5) Prithivi(Skt. पृथिवी, pṛthivī IAST) or Prithvi(Skt. पृथ्वी, pṛthvī.) - "Earth". It can be seen from the figure that the words on the left - Mula Purusha and right- Akasha And Wayu occupy the same space from the 40th to the 21st level of the Overworld inclusive. The order of the primary element Wayu behind Akash is confirmed, in particular, by the provision - " According to one of the legends, Vayu appeared from the breath of Purusha and is the personification of the world breath. - prana. From the 20th level of the Upper World of the matrix of the Universe, the following primary elements are located respectively - Agni, Jala, prithvi. They occupy similar spaces of the Overworld with Mula Prakriti (Primordial "Matter" ) Moreover, the primary element “ Earth » - pri-thwi the second syllable in the word passes into the Lower world of the matrix of the Universe. The whole word occupies a position at the transition between the Upper and Lower worlds of the matrix of the Universe. As a result, we can say that: 1) Primary element Akasha (« visibility », sound ) – « pervades» the entire Universe from the 40th level of the Upper World of the matrix of the Universe to « the bottom of the Universe » — up to the 36th level of the Lower World of the matrix of the Universe. 2) Primary element Wayu (vayu) ("wind") - also " pervades» the entire Universe from the 28th level of the Upper World of the matrix of the Universe to the "bottom of the Universe". 3) Accordingly - the primary element Agni (« fire ") - Also " pervades» the entire Universe from the 20th level of the Upper World of the matrix of the Universe to « the bottom of the Universe ". 4) Accordingly - the primary element Jala("water") also " pervades"the entire Universe from the 12th level of the Upper world of the matrix of the Universe to" the bottom of the Universe ". 5) Accordingly - the primary element prithvi("earth") also " pervades» the entire Universe from the 4th level of the Upper world of the Universe matrix to the «bottom of the Universe». Thus, from the 4th level of the Upper World of the matrix of the Universe and below, in any space of the matrix of the Universe, all are present and can interact with each other " Five elements". As for " Akashic Records "(Akasha Chronicles: C. Leadbeater) then in terms of protection and preservation of all information about events in the Universe from the moment it was " creations» the thinnest primary element Akasha perfect for this role.
So, it turned out the following. 1). Akasha(visibility) gives birth to Vayu (wind). 2) Wayu(wind) gives birth Agni(fire). 3) Agni(fire) gives birth Jala(water). 4) Jala(water) gives birth prithvi(Earth).
Now we can put together everything discussed above. As a result, we get the original picture-map-platform to continue our research.
Rice. 10. The picture shows: 1 . below are two superimposed kneeling images of the Egyptian god Shu symbolizing the figure of a standing god Shu, as in Figure 8. Above this image, in Sanskrit letters, the word Vaikuntha, indicating the location of the only Spiritual planet in our Universe. A characteristic oval object above the head of the upper image of the god Shu can be considered as an indication for the presence of a spiritual planet above it Vaikuntha(shown with colored arrow ). 2 . On the right, vertically, the names of the five primary elements are written in Sanskrit letters - Panchamahabhuta, with which Primal Creator creates our universe. 27th the level of the Upper world of the matrix of the Universe is a space, V or on which gathers all the Souls of spiritual beings from our universe, ready to move to the Spiritual planet Vaikunthu. All human soul forms are present there, and even Dragon and Serpentine soul forms. In fact, all beings in the universe, mobile and immobile, are spiritual beings. It will be interesting for the reader to get acquainted with the facts " movements » motionless creatures (stones). We talked about this in our work on the site - (Posted on November 1, 2010 in | ) (see the Appendix section). On 28th level is located Huge, horizontally extended Altar ”, through which Souls, being transformed, pass to the Spiritual planet – Vaikunthu in our universe.
It remains to be noted that like the Lord Shiva there are His feminine aspects ( shakti ) in the form of goddesses - Parvati And Durga, and the Egyptian god Shu eat it sister-wife Tefnut.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:
CONCLUSION
- So, the very matrix of the Universe and knowledge about it as " sacred key "once again allowed us to hold" comparison » two gods from different cultures of antiquity. We have been able to show convincingly enough that the Vedic god Shiva and egyptian god Shu identical deities. We have obtained similar results in a large number of publications on the site. And in our case, we can also conclude that the sacred symbols of different times of the peoples were created by the sages of antiquity according to the laws of the matrix of the Universe, as in " pattern ”, and based on knowledge about it. In this context, we can say that the matrix of the Universe is " sacred basis » the vast majority of sacred symbols of different religious traditions throughout the history of our universe. In particular, the alphabets of different times and peoples, which are also sacred symbols (see section "Author's articles"). It can also be said that the sages of antiquity actually described certain spaces of the matrix of the Universe with sacred symbols.
- Thus, with the help of knowledge about the matrix of the Universe, we managed to show that the image of the Egyptian god Shu and vedic god Shiva may be considered identical. If we add to this, the possibilities and statuses of these two great deities described above , then we are entitled to conclude that in two different cultures– Egyptian and Vedic we see identical gods . Moreover, we can conclude that the beliefs of the ancient Egyptian priests are close to the Vedic tradition, and religion ancient egypt is " A unique form of the Vedic religion of antiquity ". Moreover, knowledge about these cultures can complement each other.
In our next publications, we will see confirmation of our conclusions.
Our working hypothesis that - "The One Lord gave different peoples at different times the same knowledge about Himself and about the Universe, but in a different guise" was once again confirmed.
This is where we stop the presentation of the results of our research in this part of the work.
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2 comments: “The Book of Genesis. Egyptian trace of hoary antiquity. The Vedic god Shiva and the Egyptian god Shu are identical deities. Part II"
In the article, the Author showed a new discovery about the Vedic god Shiva and the Egyptian god Shu. With the help of knowledge about the matrix of the Universe, it has been convincingly proved that the images of the Egyptian god Shu and the Vedic god Shiva are identical. In conclusion, the author suggests that the beliefs of the ancient Egyptian priests are close to the Vedic tradition, and the religion of Ancient Egypt is a "Unique form of the Vedic religion of antiquity." Moreover, knowledge about these cultures can complement each other.
The working hypothesis that - "The One Lord gave to different peoples at different times the same knowledge about Himself and about the Universe, but in a different guise" was once again confirmed.
A unique work, executed in detail and convincingly. I read it with great interest. I thank the author for his selfless work and the search for new discoveries.
Amazing article! It reveals such knowledge! And most importantly, the author shares the secrets of reading sacred symbols and texts. For example, when analyzing the Buddhist image of Shiva under the name of Isana: It turns out that the fingers of the deity's hands are folded in the vajra wiser, which may indicate an appeal to another deity, higher in status than Lord Shiva. By analogy, it is now possible to analyze other images of deities.
The comparison of Shiva with the Egyptian god Shu is simply amazing! If we turn to the image of the statuses of Shiva in the matrix of the Universe (the form of Ardhanarishvara), then it is clear that the 27th level of the matrix (this is the uppermost level of the space of Ardhanirishvara) corresponds to the primary element of Vayu - the wind. And the god Shu, who occupies the same spaces in the Upper world of the matrix of the Universe, is the god of air, which is close in meaning to the wind. Even the vahana of the female aspect of Ardhanarishvara and the god Shu coincide - this is the Lion - (Tefnut)! Obviously, all this cannot be just a coincidence, there are direct parallels between these gods!
From article to article, the veil over the secrets of hoary antiquity really opens before us, different from the usual speculative picture of the description (interpretation) of the texts of the book of Genesis. I thank the Author for this wonderful study!
In ancient Egypt, there were a very large number of gods. Each city had its own pantheon or ennead- 9 main deities that people worshiped. However, for the first time such an ennead appeared in the city of Heliopolis (Heliopolis). It has been known since the time of the Early Kingdom, that is, from the origins of Egyptian civilization.
The priests who lived in this city were considered the most influential and powerful. It was they who named the very first nine deities. Therefore, it is believed that the main gods of Ancient Egypt originated in Heliopolis, and the pantheon itself began to be called heliopolis or great ennead. Below is a list of the supreme deities and their brief description.
God Ra
This is the supreme ancient Egyptian deity. It personified the sun. After the creation of the world, Ra began to reign over him, and this was the most fertile time for people. The power of the god was in his mysterious name. Other celestials wanted to know this name in order to gain the same power, but the sun god did not tell anyone.
A very long time passed, and Ra grew old. He lost his vigilance and gave his mysterious name to his great-granddaughter Isis. After that, a period of chaos ensued, and people stopped obeying supreme deity. Then the sun god decided to leave the earth and go to heaven.
But he did not forget the people and continued to take care of them. Every morning he boarded a boat called Atet, and the sun disk shone over his head. In this boat, Ra sailed through the sky and illuminated the earth from dawn until noon. Then, between noon and dusk, he transferred to another boat called Sektet and went to the underworld in it to illuminate the ordeals of the afterlife.
In this mournful place, the sun god met every night with the huge serpent Apep, who personified evil and darkness. A battle began between Ra and the serpent, and the sun god was always the winner. But evil and darkness were reborn by the next night, and the battle was repeated again.
The ancient Egyptians depicted the god Ra with the body of a man and the head of a falcon, which was crowned with a solar disk. On it lay the goddess Wajit in the form of a cobra. She was considered the patroness of Lower Egypt and its pharaohs. This god had other names in some religious centers. In Thebes he was called Amon-Ra, in Elephantine Khnum-Ra. But this did not change the main essence of the solar deity, who had the status of the main god of Ancient Egypt.
God Shu
This deity personified the airspace illuminated by the sun. Shu was the son of Ra, and when he ascended to heaven, he began to reign in his place. He ruled the sky, earth, mountains, winds, seas. As the millennia passed, Shu also ascended to heaven. According to its status, it was considered the second after Ra.
In some images, he was shown as a man with a lion's head. He sat on a throne carried by lions. But there are many more images of the god of air in the form of an ordinary person with a feather in his head. It symbolized the goddess of truth, Maat.
Goddess Tefnut
This deity also belonged to the main gods of Ancient Egypt. Tefnut is the goddess of heat and moisture. She was the daughter of the god Ra and was the wife of her brother Shu. The husband and wife were twins. But even before the marriage, the god Ra removed his daughter to Nubia, having quarreled with her, and a drought set in Egypt. Then the sun god returned his daughter, and she married Shu.
The return of Tefnut and her marriage became a symbol of the flowering of nature. Most often, the goddess was depicted as a man with the head of a lioness and a fiery disk above his head. The disk indicated her connection with the father of Ra, since the daughter was considered his fiery eye. When the sun god appeared early in the morning on the horizon, the fiery eye shone in his forehead and burned all enemies and ill-wishers.
God Geb
Geb is the god of the earth, the son of Shu and Tefnut. He married his sister Nut - the goddess of the sky - and this couple had children: Osiris, Isis, Set, Nephthys. It is noteworthy that Geb constantly quarreled with Nut, who before dawn ate her children - heavenly bodies, but again gave birth to them on the eve of twilight.
These quarrels tired Shu's father, and he separated the spouses. He lifted chickpeas high into the sky, and left Hebe on the ground. He reigned after his father, and then transferred his power to his son Osiris. He was most often depicted as a green man sitting on a throne with a royal crown on his head.
Goddess Nut
Nut is the goddess of the sky, the daughter of Shu and Tefnut, the sister and wife of Geb. She was the mother of Osiris, Isis, Seth and Nephthys. In the morning, the sky goddess swallowed the stars, and in the late evening she gave birth to them, thus symbolizing the change of day and night. She had an inextricable connection with the world of the dead.
She raised the dead into the sky and guarded the tombs of the dead. Depicted as a woman with a curved body. It stretched across the horizon and touched the ground with the tips of its fingers and toes. Often, under the curved body of Nut, Geb was depicted lying on the ground.
I must say that the main gods of Ancient Egypt would have lost a lot without Osiris. He was the great-great-grandson of the god Ra and ruled the earth after his father Geb. During his reign, he taught people many useful things. He married his own sister Isis, and Seth and Nephthys were his brother and sister. But Seth, who lived in the south of Egypt in the desert, began to envy his successful brother, killed him and appropriated royal power.
Set not only killed, but dismembered the body of Osiris into 14 pieces and scattered them across the lands of Egypt. But the faithful wife Isis found all the pieces, put them together and called a guide to the underworld of Anubis. He made a mummy from the body of Osiris, which became the first in Egypt. After that, Isis turned into a female kite, spread herself over the body of her husband and brother, and became pregnant from him. Thus was born Horus, who became the last of the gods who ruled the earth. After him, power passed to the pharaohs.
Horus defeated Set, sent him back south into the desert, and revived his father with his left eye. After that, he remained to rule on earth, and Osiris began to reign in afterlife. God was depicted as a man in white clothes and with a green face. In his hands he held a flail and a scepter, and a crown crowned his head.
Isis (Isis) was extremely popular in ancient Egypt, was considered the goddess of fertility, symbolized motherhood and femininity. She was the wife of Osiris and the mother of Horus. The Egyptians believed that the Nile flooded when Isis cries, mourning Osiris, who left her and left to rule the kingdom of the dead.
The significance of this goddess increased significantly during the Middle Kingdom, when funerary texts began to be used not only by the pharaohs and their families, but also by all other inhabitants of Egypt. Isis was depicted as a man with a throne on his head, which personified the power of the pharaohs.
Set (Seth) - the youngest son of Geb and Nut, brother of Osiris, Isis and Nephthys. He married the latter. He was born on the third New Year's Day, jumping out of his mother's side. The ancient Egyptians considered this day unlucky, therefore, until the day ended, they did nothing. Set was considered the god of war, chaos and sandstorms. He personified evil, which is similar to Satan. Killing Osiris a short time reigned on earth until he was overthrown by Horus. After that, he ended up in the desert in the south of Egypt, from where he sent sandstorms to fertile lands.
Set was depicted as a man with the head of an aardvark or a donkey. It had long ears and a red mane in many depictions. Sometimes this god was given red eyes. This color symbolized the sand of the desert and death. The pig was considered a sacred animal of the god of sandstorms. Therefore, pigs were classified as unclean animals.
The youngest of the children of Geb and Nut, named Nephthys, also belonged to the main gods of Ancient Egypt. She was born on the last day of the year. The ancient Egyptians saw this goddess as the complement of Isis. She was considered the goddess of creation, which permeates the entire world. Nephthys ruled over everything ephemeral, which could not be seen, touched or smelled. She had a connection with the world of the dead, and at night accompanied Ra in his voyage through the underworld.
She was considered the wife of Seth, but did not have pronounced negative traits characteristic of her husband. Depicted this goddess in human female image. Her head was crowned with a hieroglyph denoting the name of the goddess. She was depicted on sarcophagi as a woman with wings, symbolizing the protector of the dead.
According to some researchers, there were five thousand gods in ancient Egypt. Such a huge number of them is due to the fact that each of the many local cities had their own gods. Therefore, one should not be surprised at the similarity of the functions of many of them. In our list, as far as possible, we tried not only to give a description of one or another celestial, but also to indicate the center in which he was most revered. In addition to the gods, some monsters, spirits, and magical creatures are listed. Our table gives the characters in alphabetical order. The names of some gods are designed as hyperlinks leading to detailed articles about them.
Our table of Egyptian gods can be used in school to prepare 5th grade students. See also: Gods of Ancient Greece - list, Gods of Ancient Rome - list, Gods of Ancient Scandinavia, Gods of Ancient India - list, Gods of ancient Slavs - list.
Top 10 Gods of Ancient Egypt
Amat – horrible monster with the body and front legs of a lioness, the hind legs of a hippo and the head of a crocodile. It lived in the fiery lake of the underground kingdom of the dead (Duat) and devoured the souls of the dead, who were recognized as unrighteous at the court of Osiris.
Apis- a black bull with special marks on the skin and forehead, which was worshiped in Memphis and throughout Egypt as a living embodiment of the gods Ptah or Osiris. The living Apis was kept in a special room - Apeion, and the deceased was solemnly buried in the necropolis of the Serapeum.
Apop (Apophis)- a huge serpent, the personification of chaos, darkness and evil. He lives in the underworld, where every day after sunset the sun god Ra descends. Apep rushes to Ra's barge to swallow it. The sun and its defenders fight nightly with Apophis. The ancient Egyptians also explained solar eclipses by the serpent's attempt to devour Ra.
Aten- the god of the solar disk (or rather, sunlight), mentioned as early as the era of the Middle Kingdom and proclaimed the main god of Egypt during the religious reform of Pharaoh Akhenaten. Unlike most other representatives of the local pantheon, he was depicted not in a “beast-human” form, but in the form of a solar circle or a ball, from which arms with palms stretch to the earth and people. The meaning of Akhenaten's reform, apparently, consisted in the transition from a concrete-figurative religion to a philosophical-abstract one. It was accompanied by severe persecution of adherents of former beliefs and was canceled shortly after the death of its initiator.
Atum- the solar god revered in Heliopolis, who created himself from the original chaotic Ocean of Nun. In the midst of this Ocean, the primordial hill of the earth also rose, from which all the dry land originated. Having resorted to masturbation, spitting out his own seed, Atum created the first divine couple - the god Shu and the goddess Tefnut, from whom the rest of the Ennead descended (see below). In archaic antiquity, Atum was the main solar god of Heliopolis, but later he was pushed into the background by Ra. Atum began to be revered only as a symbol setting sun.
Bastet- the cat goddess from the city of Bubastis. It personified love, female beauty, fertility, fun. It is very close in religious meaning to the goddess Hathor, with whom she often united.
Bes- (Demons) dwarf demons favorable to a person with an ugly face and crooked legs. Peculiar kind brownies. In ancient Egypt, figurines of Demons were widespread.
Maat- the goddess of universal truth and justice, the patroness of moral principles and firm legality. Depicted as a woman with an ostrich feather on her head. During the trial in the kingdom of the dead, the soul of the deceased was placed on one scale, and the “feather of Maat” on the other. The soul, which turned out to be heavier than a feather, was recognized as unworthy eternal life with Osiris. She was devoured by the terrible monster Amat (see above).
Mafdet- (lit. "fast running") the goddess of harsh justice, the protector of sacred places. It was depicted with the head of a cheetah or in the form of a genet - an animal from the viverrid family.
Mertseger (Meritseger)- the goddess of the dead in Thebes. Depicted as a snake or a woman with a snake head.
Meskhenet- the goddess of childbirth, who enjoyed special honor in the city of Abydos.
Min- a god revered as the giver of life and fertility in the city of Koptos. Depicted in itiphallic form (with pronounced male sexual characteristics). The worship of Ming was widespread in the early period of Egyptian history, but then he receded into the background before his own local Theban variety - Amun.
Mnevis- a black bull who was worshiped as a god in Heliopolis. Reminds me of the Memphis Apis.
Renenutet- a goddess revered in the Faiyum as the patroness of crops. Depicted in the form of a cobra. Nepri, the god of grain, was considered her son.
Sebek- the crocodile god of the Faiyum oasis, where there was a large lake. Its functions included managing the water kingdom and ensuring earthly fertility. Sometimes he was revered as a kind, benevolent god, to whom they prayed for help in illnesses and life's difficulties; sometimes - like a formidable demon, hostile to Ra and Osiris.
Serket (Selket)- the goddess of the dead in the western part of the Nile Delta. A woman with a scorpion on her head.
Sekhmet- (lit. - "mighty"), a goddess with the head of a lioness and a solar disk on it, personifying the heat and scorching heat of the Sun. The wife of the god Ptah. Terrible avenger, exterminating creatures hostile to the gods. The heroine of the myth about the extermination of people, which the god Ra entrusted to her because of the moral corruption of mankind. Sekhmet killed people with such fury that even Ra, who decided to abandon his intention, could not stop her. Then the gods poured red beer all over the earth, which Sekhmet began to lick, mistaking it for human blood. From intoxication, she involuntarily had to stop her slaughter.
Seshat- the goddess of writing and counting, the patroness of scribes. Sister or daughter of the god Thoth. During the accession of the pharaoh, she wrote down the coming years of his reign on the leaves of the tree. Depicted as a woman with a seven-pointed star on her head. The sacred animal of Seshat was the panther, so it was represented in a leopard skin.
Sopdu- "falcon" god, revered in the eastern part of the Nile Delta. Close to Horus, identified with him.
Tatenen- a chthonic god revered in Memphis along with Ptah and sometimes identified with him. His name literally means "rising (i.e. emerging) earth."
Tawart- a goddess from the city of Oxyrhynchus, depicted as a hippopotamus. Patroness of birth, pregnant women and babies. Drive away evil spirits from dwellings.
Tefnut- the goddess, who, together with her husband, the god Shu, symbolized the space between the firmament and the firmament. Shu and Tefnut gave birth to the earth god Geb and the sky goddess Nut.
Wadget- the snake goddess, considered the patroness of Lower (Northern) Egypt.
Upout- the god of the dead with the head of a jackal, revered in the city of Assiut (Lykopolis). In appearance and meaning, he strongly resembled Anubis and gradually merged with him in one image.
Phoenix- a magical bird with golden and red feathers, which, according to Egyptian legend, flew to the city of Heliopolis once every 500 years to bury the body of its deceased father in the temple of the Sun. It personified the soul of the god Ra.
Hapi- the god of the Nile River, the patron of crops provided by its spill. He was depicted as a man of blue or green color (the color of the Nile water at different times of the year).
Hathor- the goddess of love, beauty, joy and dance, the patroness of childbirth and nurses, the "Heavenly cow". It personified the wild, elemental force of passion, which could take cruel forms. In such an unbridled image, she was often identified with the lioness goddess Sekhmet. Depicted with the horns of a cow, inside of which is the sun.
Hekat- Goddess of moisture and rain. Depicted in the form of a frog.
Khepri- one of three (often recognized as three attributes of the same being) solar gods Heliopolis. personified the sun during sunrise. Two of his "colleagues" - Atum (the sun On the Sunset) and Ra (the sun at all other hours of the day). Depicted with the head of a scarab beetle.
Hershef (Herishef) – chief god the city of Heracleopolis, where he was worshiped as the creator of the world, "whose right eye is the sun, the left is the moon, and the breath animates everything."
Khnum- a god revered in the city of Esna as a demiurge who created the world and people on a potter's wheel. Depicted with a ram's head.
Khonsu- moon god in Thebes. Son of the god Amun. Together with Amon and his mother, Mut formed the Theban triad of gods. Depicted with a crescent moon and a disk on his head.
ANCIENT GODS OF EGYPT. RELIGION
In ancient Egypt, the gods, unlike the gods of the ancient world, did not have strictly defined functions, they lesser degree were busy with any kind of activity and almost never interfered in human disputes. Along with the gods, whose analogues exist in ancient mythology, in the religion of the Egyptians there were many abstractions.
God had five names, each of which was associated with one of the elements, with astronomical bodies, or contained a description of the god as strong or majestic. Some gods did not have permanent names: the names changed depending on the time of day, on the action that the god was performing at the moment, and so on.
amon(ancient Egyptian "hidden") - ancient egyptian god, revered in Thebes. Depicted as a man in a high crown of two feathers, sometimes with a ram's head; sacred animals - ram, goose, snake. Since the XVIII dynasty, the supreme god (identified with Ra - Amon-Pa), the patron of royal power and wars of conquest. Together with Amon, the so-called Theban triad is formed by his wife, the goddess Mut (ancient Egyptian “mother”) and a son, the moon god Khonsu (ancient Egyptian, “wandering”).
Apis- revered in ancient Egypt sacred bull black and white, which was considered the earthly receptacle of the god of fertility Osiris-Hapi, was kept and buried after death in his temple in Memphis.
Atum(Ancient Egyptian “complete, complete” or “non-existent”) - the ancient Egyptian god-demiurge, who was revered in the city of Heliopolis. After being identified at the beginning of the 5th dynasty with the god Ra, he acquired the aspect of a solar deity.
Ba is the physical life energy of a person.
Ba- in the ancient Egyptian representations of "power", the physical vital energy of a person. According to the beliefs of the Egyptians, the soul-Ba consisted of a combination of feelings and emotions of a person. Ba was attributed to variability; in addition, it was believed that it is closely connected with other shells and directly depends on the state of the physical body. Ba during the life of the body traveled through the world of dreams. Could freely move between the world of the dead and the living. Soul-Ba could also move into other bodies at the request of its owner. After the death of a person, she was next to the heart when weighing it, then, according to the Egyptians, she fell into a lethargic sleep.
Bastet- ancient egyptian goddess love and fun, honored in the city of Bubastis. The sacred animal is a cat, with the head of which she could be depicted.
Geb- the ancient Egyptian god of the earth, the son of Shu and Tefnut, the brother and husband of Nut and the father of Osiris, Isis, Set and Nephthys. He was the God of the Earth or the Earth Hill. Cosmogonic myths represented him as being in eternal union with the sky goddess Nut, until the air god Shu separated them. In the texts of the pyramids, patronage of the dead is also attributed to him. Depicted in the form of an old man with a beard and royal ornaments or prostrate to its full length, with Nut leaning on him, supported by Shu.
- the ancient Egyptian goddess, originally associated with royal power and personifying the throne; later included in the cult of Osiris as his faithful wife and selfless mother of Horus. Thus, she personified the ideal of femininity and motherhood. She is also known as the protector of the dead and the patron goddess of children. In Hellenistic times, the cult of Isis from Egypt spread throughout the ancient world.
Ka- in ancient Egyptian ideas, an objectively existing visible image of a person and, in principle, any creature and object that arises with him, accompanies him all his life and remains after his death (destruction) in the memory of people and images. The "preservation of the ka" of the deceased by creating his exact images is one of the main ways of magically maintaining his posthumous existence. "Ka" was depicted as a kind of its carrier, but with hands raised up.
Maat(ancient Egyptian "truth") - a fundamental concept Egyptian worldview, which means the cosmological/social order maintained by the supreme god and the pharaoh, as opposed to the tendencies of chaos ("isefet"). She personified truth, justice, universal harmony, divine establishment and ethical standard; Common Egyptian goddess (depicted with a feather on her head).
Montu- the ancient Egyptian warrior god, the patron of the military successes of the pharaoh. He was portrayed with a falcon's head and was honored in the city of Hermont and the city of Thebes, where he was subsequently forced out of the leading place in the cult by Amon.
Mut, the Egyptian goddess (actually "mother") - the ancient Egyptian goddess, the queen of heaven, the second member of the Theban triad (Amon-Mut-Khonsu), the mother goddess and patroness of motherhood. Initially identified with Noinette from the "Eight of the Gods". Over time, Mut herself began to act in the form of a creator goddess. During the rise of the cult of the god Amon, she becomes the mother, wife and daughter of Amon. The rulers of Egypt worshiped Mut, which gave the right to rule the country. Depicted with a vulture on her head and two Egyptian crowns.
Nate- the ancient Egyptian goddess, revered as the creator of the world, the patroness of hunting and war in the city of Sens. The cult of Neith was also widespread among the Libyans.
Nephthys- Her name in Egyptian is pronounced as Nebetkhet, was considered by some authors as the goddess of death, and by others as an aspect of Black Isis. Nephthys was also sometimes called the Lady of the Scrolls and attributed to her the authorship of mournful chants and other hymns. Despite the connection with the Lower World, Nephthys bore the title of "Goddess of Creation who lives in everything." She was also considered the goddess of sexuality and the female counterpart of the ever-excited god Ming. In Mendes, in the region of the Nile Delta, she was revered as the goddess of healing. Depicted as a woman with a hieroglyph of her name on her head (a house with a construction basket on top).
Ptah- the ancient Egyptian god who created all the other gods and the world with his magic word (naming the names of all things). He was honored in the city of Memphis in the form of a man whose entire body is hidden under special clothes.
Tawart- the ancient Egyptian goddess - the patroness of childbirth, female fertility and family. Honored in the form of a standing female hippopotamus or a crocodile with lion's feet in the city of Thebes, not being associated with the circle of Amon. Tawrt patronized the deceased in the Duat (the underworld), drove away evil spirits from their homes, so her images are often found on amulets and various household items.
Tefnut, (Tefnet) - the Egyptian goddess of moisture and heat. She was depicted in the form of a cat, or a woman with the head of a lioness. She was Shu's wife and sister. The center of the Tefnut cult was the city of Heliopolis. They said about her: "Daughter of Ra on his forehead". When Ra rises above the horizon in the morning, Tefnut shines with a fiery eye in his forehead and burns the enemies of the great god.
Khnum- the ancient Egyptian god-creator, who created humanity on the potter's wheel and sculpted people at their birth. He was also the guardian of the Nile. The center of the cult is the island of Elephantine and the city of Esne in southern Egypt. Depicted in the form of a ram or a man with a ram's head with twisted horns.
Khonsu- Egyptian god, revered in Thebes as the son of Amon and Mut or Sebek and Hathor. Sometimes identified with Thoth, which is why he was called the "scribe of truth." He was also considered a healing god. He was revered by the Ramessides. He was depicted as a man with a lunar crescent and a disk on his head, as well as with the head of a falcon (falcon) and with the same lunar signs.
choir(Horus) - the god of the sky, royalty and the sun; the living ancient Egyptian king was represented as the incarnation of the god Horus. His main opponent is Seth. Includes two hypostases:
- the so-called Horus the Elder - the son and protector of Ra, revered in the form of a falcon or a winged solar disk (in the form revered in the city of Behdet; another center of the cult is the city of Edfu);
- the son of Isis, conceived by her from the dead Osiris, who took his power over the world and avenged Set for the murder of his father.
Shu- Egyptian deity of air, son of Atum, brother and husband of Tefnut. After the identification of Atum with Ra, he was considered the son of Ra. During the creation of the universe, Shu lifted the sky - Nut - from the earth - Geb and then supported him with outstretched arms. Shu - the god of the airspace illuminated by the sun; subsequently he received the character of the deity of the scorching midday sun.
I- the ancient Egyptian god of the moon (crescent), revered in the city of Germopol along with Thoth. The sacred animal is the baboon.
Nine Gods of Hermopolis
In Egyptian mythology, the nine original gods of the city of Heliopolis: Atum, Shu, Tefnut, Geb, Nut, Osiris, Isis, Set, Nephthys. It is the oldest theogonic and cosmogonic system known to us in Egypt. In the image of Heliopolis, other cities created their own nine gods.
