Society and public relations briefly. The concept of society, social relations and social structure. spheres of public life. Topic: General characteristics of spheres
1. The concept of "material world". The structure of the material world.
The material world is everything that exists outside and besides human consciousness. Nature and society are two interconnected and interacting parts of the material world.
2. The concept of "society" in the broad and narrow senses.
In a narrow sense: a society is a certain group of people who have united to communicate and jointly carry out any activity, mutual assistance and support for each other (“ philatelic society”).
In a broad sense: society - a) a specific stage historical development humanity ("slave-owning society"), b) any country or people ("English society"), c) humanity in the past, present and future, the entire population of the Earth ("human society").
Scientific understanding of society: society is a self-sufficient human collective capable of independently creating and recreating all the necessary conditions for its existence. But there is a broader understanding (based on opposition to nature): society is a part of the material world that is isolated from nature, but closely related to it, which includes ways of interacting people and forms of their unification.
3. Society as a system:
a) the concept of "system", "subsystem", "element"
System (translated from Greek means “a whole made up of parts”, “a set”) - a set of elements that are connected in a certain way and form a kind of integrity, subsystems - “intermediate” complexes, more complex than elements, but less complex, than the system itself, the element is the indecomposable further (in the given system and under the given method of consideration), the primary (initial) part of the system,
b) society as a complex, dynamic system
Society is characterized as: a) a complex system, since it consists of four main subsystems that cover complexes of various elements, b) a dynamic system, i.e. such a system that is capable of seriously changing, at the same time retaining its essence and quality certainty;
c) the main areas of public life, the relationship of the main areas of public life
According to the number of main functions that any society has to perform to maintain its existence, there are four spheres of society's life:
Functions of society as a system
The main subsystems (spheres) of society
Key Institutions
Relationship groups
Adaptation to the environment and its transformation
Economic
Material production, property, market institutions, financial institutions
Relations that arise between people in the process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods and services
Integration into the system of various communities and associations
Social
Large (strata, classes, ethnic groups) and small (family) social groups
Relations between different social groups in society
Achieving system goals through management and political leadership
Political (political and legal)
State, subjects of political activity (popular masses, political elites, leaders, organizations)
A complex of relations between states, parties, public organizations, individuals regarding the exercise of power
Maintaining Commitment to Meaningful Values
Spiritual (culture)
Forms and levels of social consciousness, science, education, religion
Relationships regarding the production and consumption of spiritual values
Each of these spheres, being a subsystem of the system called "society", in turn, turns out to be a system in relation to the elements that make it up.
All four spheres of public life are interconnected and interdependent, which follows from the integrity of society as a system. None of the subsystems is independent, but neither is it dominant.
d) basic social institutions
The most important elements of society are social institutions - stable collections of people, groups, institutions whose activities are aimed at performing certain social functions and are based on certain norms and standards of behavior. The fundamental institutions of society include family, school, church, state.
4. Society and nature:
a) the concept of "nature"
In the broadest sense, nature is the whole reality surrounding and embracing us - the Universe, of which society is also a part. In the narrow sense of the term, nature is a set of physicochemical and biological processes that appeared long before man and form the environment of his existence. Nature - a set of natural conditions for the existence of mankind, a natural component of the environment and human production activities.
b) nature and society have in common
Are part of the material world
Have the ability to self-organize
They form human habitats (natural and social),
They have the characteristics of a system
Are in the process of constant development (changes),
Their development is subject to objective laws (there are general laws of development of nature and society).
c) the difference between society and nature, the concept of "culture"
Society is a form and result of the joint activity of people, nature has developed as a result of natural processes,
The evolution of society is greatly influenced by the subjective aspirations of people who have consciousness and will and are able to significantly adjust the course and direction of social processes, nature obeys natural laws,
Society in the course of its activities creates a culture (“second nature”), which is understood as the totality of all types of transformative activities of a person and society, as well as the result of this activity.
For the worldview of ancient people, the “humanization” of nature (anthropomorphism) was characteristic: to stones, trees, natural elements (wind, fire), people attributed the ability to think, desire, create, animate them, (the so-called animism (lat. Anima - soul) ), believed in the consanguinity of man with nature (totemism). The anthropomorphic view of nature was born in the conditions of an appropriating economy, the total dependence of man on nature. Only creative activity, the creation of a different reality, pointed out to man his difference from nature and destroyed anthropomorphic thinking.
d) the impact of nature on society
Nature was the basis on which society arose and developed, and today it has a huge impact on social life, accelerating or slowing down the pace of development of individual countries and peoples.
e) the impact of society on nature, the concept of "ecology"
Society affects nature, transforms it, creating culture, but often this intervention leads to detrimental consequences (pollution of the environment as a result of human activity).
Ecology is the activity of society aimed at protecting the environment.
f) the concept of "noosphere", the doctrine of the noosphere
The noosphere (sphere of the mind) is that part of the planet and circumplanetary space that bears the stamp of human intelligent activity. The famous Russian scientist created the doctrine of the noosphere, by which he understood such a stage in the evolution of the biosphere, when the rational activity of a person becomes the determining factor in its further development.
5. Public relations: concept, types
Social relations are diverse forms of interaction between people in the process of their joint activities, as well as connections that arise between different social groups (or within them). They are characterized by relative stability, repetition, formality (often impersonal) and affect important aspects of people's lives.
Social relations can be material and spiritual. Material relations arise and develop directly in the course of a person's practical activity, develop outside the consciousness of a person and independently of him, and spiritual relations are formed in advance “passing through the consciousness” of people, determined by their spiritual values. special kind public relations - interpersonal relations. Interpersonal relationships are relationships between individuals. Interpersonal relations arise and are realized in society and are social relations even if they are in the nature of purely individual communication. They act as a personified form of social relations.
6. Social sciences, the subject of their study
Social sciences - a system of sciences about society, about the forms and laws of its development.
Philosophy is the science of the universal laws of the development of nature, society and thinking (but it underlies all sciences, cannot be called only social).
Sociology is the science of society as an integral system and of individual social institutions, processes, social groups and communities, the relationship of the individual and society.
Separate spheres of public life are studied by economics, history (development of society), political science, jurisprudence (law), cultural studies, religious studies, ethics (morality), aesthetics (beautiful).
Society and public relations
The existence of people in society is characterized by various forms of life and communication. Everything that has been created in society is the result of the cumulative joint activity of many generations of people. Actually, society itself is a product of the interaction of people, it exists only where and when people are connected with each other by common interests.
In philosophical science, many definitions of the concept of "society" are offered. In a narrow sense, society can be understood as a certain group of people who have united for communication and joint performance of any activity, as well as a specific stage in the historical development of a people or country.
In a broad sense, society is a part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, which consists of individuals with will and consciousness, and includes ways of interacting people and forms of their unification.
In philosophical science, society is characterized as a dynamic self-developing system, that is, such a system that is capable of seriously changing, at the same time retaining its essence and qualitative certainty. The system is understood as a complex of interacting elements. In turn, an element is some further indecomposable component of the system that is directly involved in its creation.
To analyze complex systems, like the one that society represents, the concept of "subsystem" was developed. Subsystems are called "intermediate" complexes, more complex than the elements, but less complex than the system itself.
1) economic, the elements of which are material production and relations that arise between people in the process of production of material goods, their exchange and distribution;
2) social, consisting of such structural formations as classes, social strata, nations, taken in their relationship and interaction with each other;
3) political, including politics, the state, law, their correlation and functioning;
4) spiritual, covering various forms and levels of social consciousness, which, being embodied in the real process of the life of society, form what is commonly called spiritual culture.
Each of these spheres, being an element of the system called "society", in turn, turns out to be a system in relation to the elements that make it up. All four spheres of social life are not only interconnected, but also mutually condition each other. The division of society into spheres is somewhat arbitrary, but it helps to isolate and study certain areas of a truly integral society, a diverse and complex social life.
Sociologists offer several classifications of society. Societies are:
a) pre-written and written;
b) simple and complex (the criterion in this typology is the number of levels of management of a society, as well as the degree of its differentiation: in simple societies there are no leaders and subordinates, rich and poor, and in complex societies there are several levels of management and several social strata of the population, arranged from top to bottom in descending order of income);
c) society of primitive hunters and gatherers, traditional (agrarian) society, industrial society and post-industrial society;
d) primitive society, slave society, feudal society, capitalist society and communist society.
In Western scientific literature in the 1960s. the division of all societies into traditional and industrial has become widespread.
The German sociologist F. Tennis, the French sociologist R. Aron, and the American economist W. Rostow made a great contribution to the formation of this concept.
The traditional (agrarian) society represented the pre-industrial stage of civilizational development. All societies of antiquity and the Middle Ages were traditional. Their economy was dominated by subsistence agriculture and primitive handicrafts. Extensive technology and hand tools predominated, initially providing economic progress. In his production activities, man sought to adapt to the environment as much as possible, obeyed the rhythms of nature. Property relations were characterized by the dominance of communal, corporate, conditional, state forms of ownership. Private property was neither sacred nor inviolable. The distribution of material wealth, the product produced depended on the position of a person in the social hierarchy. The social structure of a traditional society is corporate by class, stable and immovable. There was virtually no social mobility: a person was born and died, remaining in the same social group. The main social units were the community and the family. Human behavior in society was regulated by corporate norms and principles, customs, beliefs, unwritten laws. Providentialism dominated the public consciousness: social reality, human life were perceived as the implementation of divine providence.
The spiritual world of a person of a traditional society, his system of value orientations, way of thinking are special and noticeably different from modern ones. Individuality, independence were not encouraged: the social group dictated the norms of behavior to the individual. The number of educated people was extremely limited ("literacy for the few") oral information prevailed over written.
The political sphere of traditional society is dominated by the church and the army. The person is completely alienated from politics. Power seems to him of greater value than law and law. In general, this society is extremely conservative, stable, immune to innovations and impulses from outside, being a "self-sustaining self-regulating immutability."
Changes in it occur spontaneously, slowly, without the conscious intervention of people. The spiritual sphere of human existence is a priority over the economic one.
Traditional societies have survived to this day mainly in the countries of the so-called "third world" (Asia, Africa). From a Eurocentric point of view traditional societies- these are backward, primitive, closed, unfree social organisms, to which Western sociology opposes industrial and post-industrial civilizations.
As a result of modernization, understood as a complex, contradictory, complex process of transition from a traditional society to an industrial one, countries Western Europe the foundations of a new civilization were laid. It is called industrial, technogenic, scientific and technical or economic.
The economic base of an industrial society is industry based on machine technology. The volume of fixed capital increases, long-term average costs per unit of output decrease. In agriculture, labor productivity rises sharply, natural isolation is destroyed. An extensive economy is replaced by an intensive one, and simple reproduction is replaced by an expanded one. All these processes occur through the implementation of the principles and structures of a market economy, based on scientific and technological progress. A person is freed from direct dependence on nature, partially subordinates it to himself. Stable economic growth is accompanied by an increase in real per capita income. In the social sphere of an industrial society, traditional structures and social barriers are also collapsing. Social mobility is significant. As a result of the development of agriculture and industry, the share of the peasantry in the population is sharply reduced, and urbanization is taking place. New classes appear - the industrial proletariat and the bourgeoisie, the middle strata are strengthened. The aristocracy is in decline.
In the spiritual sphere, there is a significant transformation of the value system. The man of the new society is autonomous within the social group, guided by his personal interests. Individualism, rationalism and utilitarianism (a person does not act in the name of some global goals, but for a certain benefit) are new systems of personality coordinates. There is a secularization of consciousness (liberation from direct dependence on religion). A person in an industrial society strives for self-development, self-improvement. Global changes are also taking place in the political sphere. The role of the state is growing sharply, and a democratic regime is gradually taking shape. Law and law dominate in society, and a person is involved in power relations as an active subject.
Thus, industrial civilization opposes traditional society in all directions. The majority of modern industrialized countries (including Russia) are classified as industrial societies.
But modernization gave rise to many new contradictions, which eventually turned into global problems (environmental, energy and other crises).
By resolving them, progressively developing, some modern societies are approaching the stage of a post-industrial society, the theoretical parameters of which were developed in the 1970s. American sociologists D. Bell, E. Toffler and others. This society is characterized by the promotion of the service sector, individualization of production and consumption, an increase in the share of small-scale production with the loss of dominant positions by mass production, the leading role of science, knowledge and information in society. In the social structure of post-industrial society, there is an erasure of class differences, and the convergence of the incomes of various groups of the population leads to the elimination of social polarization and the growth of the share of the middle class. The new civilization can be characterized as anthropogenic, in the center of it is man, his individuality. Sometimes it is also called information, which reflects the ever-increasing dependence Everyday life society from information. The transition to a post-industrial society for most countries of the modern world is a very distant prospect.
In the course of his activity, a person enters into various relationships with other people. Such diverse forms of interaction between people, as well as connections that arise between different social groups (or within them), are usually called social relations.
All social relations can be conditionally divided into two large groups - material relations and spiritual (or ideal) relations. Their fundamental difference from each other lies in the fact that material relations arise and develop directly in the course of a person’s practical activity, outside the consciousness of a person and independently of him, and spiritual relations are formed, having previously “passed through the consciousness” of people, determined by their spiritual values. In turn, material relations are divided into production, environmental and office relations; spiritual on moral, political, legal, artistic, philosophical and religious social relations.
A special type of social relations are interpersonal relations. Interpersonal relationships are relationships between individuals. At the same time, individuals, as a rule, belong to different social strata, have different cultural and educational levels, but they are united by common needs and interests in the sphere of leisure or everyday life. The famous sociologist Pitirim Sorokin identified the following types of interpersonal interaction: Public consciousness and ideology Abstract >> Philosophy
Consciousness. Public psychology is emotional attitude people to their position in society expressed ... ideology is determined by the conditions of material life societies, reflects public relationship. Ideology is a complex spiritual...
And social control is public self-regulation. In civil society public opinion is a full-fledged ... on the scale of everything societies. Regulation public relations- main function public opinions. Mechanism...
People on a scale societies. Regulation public relations- main function public societies separate norms public relations. And public opinion comes out...
People on a scale societies. Regulation public relations- main function public opinions. Its essence ... develops and instills in members societies separate norms public relations. And public opinion comes out...
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✪ Society and public relations. Video lesson on social studies Grade 10
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Subtitles
Definitions
This phrase has various definitions, some are presented below:
- Public relations are a set of socially significant connections between members of society.
- Public relations (social relations) - the relations of people to each other, consist in historically defined social forms, in specific conditions of place and time.
- Public relations (social relations) - the relationship between social actors about their equality and social justice in the distribution of life's blessings, the conditions for the formation and development of the individual, the satisfaction of material, social and spiritual needs.
- Social relations are those relations that are established between large groups of people. Beyond the sphere of manifestation, social relations can be divided into: economic, political, spiritual, social.
Story
Social relations are manifested only in certain types of interactions between people, namely social ones, in the process of which these people bring their social statuses and roles to life, and the statuses and roles themselves have fairly clear boundaries and very strict regulations. Public relations give mutual certainty to social positions and statuses. For example, the relationship in trade between the main factors is the mutual certainty of the seller and the buyer in the process of the transaction (purchase and sale).
Thus, social relations are closely related to social interactions, although these are not identical concepts denoting the same thing. On the one hand, social relations are realized in the social practices (interactions) of people, on the other hand, social relations are a prerequisite for social practices - a stable, normatively fixed social form through which the implementation of social interactions becomes possible. Social relations have a decisive effect on individuals - they direct and shape, suppress or stimulate people's practices and expectations. At the same time, social relations are “yesterday's” social interactions, a “frozen” social form of living human life.
A feature of social relations is that by their nature they are neither object-object, like relations between objects in nature, nor subject-subject, like interpersonal relations - when a person interacts with another integral person, but subject-object, when interaction occurs only with a socially alienated form of his subjectivity (social I) and he himself is represented in them as a partial and incomplete socially acting subject (social agent). Public relations in a "pure form" do not exist. They are embodied in social practices and are always mediated by objects - social forms(things, ideas, social phenomena, processes).
Social relations can arise between people who do not directly contact and may not even know about the existence of each other, and interactions between them will be carried out through a system of institutions and organizations, but not due to a subjective sense of obligation or intention to maintain these relations.
social relations- this is a system of diverse stable interdependencies that arise between individuals, their groups, organizations and communities, as well as within the latter in the course of their economic, political, cultural, etc. activities and the implementation of their social statuses and social roles.
It can be argued that social relations arise:
- as the relationship of man with society, society with man;
- between individuals as representatives of society;
- between elements, components, subsystems within society;
- between different societies;
- between individuals as representatives of various social groups, social communities and social organizations, as well as between individuals from each and within each of them.
Problems of definition
Despite the fact that the term "social relations" is widely used, scientists have not come to a common conclusion regarding their definition. There are definitions of social relations through the specification of between whom and about what they arise:
- Public relations(social relations) - the relationship of people to each other, developing in historically defined social forms, in specific conditions of place and time.
- Public relations(social relations) - relations between social subjects regarding their social equality and social justice in the distribution of life's goods, the conditions for the formation and development of the individual, the satisfaction of material, social and spiritual needs.
However, in any case, they are understood as sustainable forms of organization of social life. To characterize social life, the term "societal" is often used, which characterizes society as a whole, the entire system of social relations.
Social relations are a set of individual subject-subject and subject-object relations normatively regulated by mores, customs and laws, which are formed under the influence of a) mutual struggle of individuals for objects of property, b) joint life activity on a common territory, c) a genetic program for the reproduction of life, and d ) cooperation with each other on the terms of the social division of labor in the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of the total social product. See: Bobrov VV, Chernenko AK Legal technology. - Novosibirsk: Publishing House of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2014. - p. 157.
Topic: Society and public relations class
Society as a joint life activity of people. countrystatesociety Part of the world or territory that has certain boundaries and enjoys state sovereignty. The political organization of the country, including a certain type of regime of power, bodies and management structure. ???
SOCIETY IN THE NARROW SENSE: Primitive, bourgeois society - 1. historical stage in the development of mankind French, English society - 2. country, state Noble society, high society - 3. circle of people united by a common position, origin Sports society, fishing society - 4. association of people for a purpose
Let us compare the definitions given by the sciences in a broad sense. Sociology social philosophy Society is a historically developing set of relations between people, which is formed on the basis of a constant change in the forms and conditions of their activity in the process of interaction with organic and inorganic nature. Society ... the sum of connections, the totality or system of relations arising from the joint life of people, reproduced and transformed by their activities.
AND
signs of society. External: territory chronology, i.e. sequence historical events defining the time frame of a particular society. Internal: dynamic (capable of development) stability, the ability to perform certain functions (production, distribution of material goods, reproduction and socialization of a person, spiritual production).
The concept of society SOCIETY: historical stage in the development of mankind (primitive society, feudal society). The historical stage in the development of mankind (primitive society, feudal society). A circle of people united by a common goal, interest, origin (noble society, philatelist society). A circle of people united by a common goal, interest, origin (noble society, philatelist society). Country, state, region (French society, Soviet society). Country, state, region (French society, Soviet society). Humanity as a whole. Humanity as a whole. The totality of all ways of interaction and forms of bringing people together The totality of all ways of interaction and forms of bringing people together
Levels of socio-philosophical analysis of society level-essence-concrete-historical At this level, specific events, peoples, states are analyzed. Along with the description of individual facts, there are generalizing concepts and judgments. historical-typological Generalization related to the typology of society. socio-philosophical Isolation, analysis of the general properties of society.
It is customary to talk about the broad and narrow sense of the concept of "nature". Universe Biosphere
The concept of nature is used to denote not only the natural, but also the material conditions of its existence created by man - the second nature. To some extent, transformed and formed by a person. people act who are gifted with consciousness and have goals blind, unconscious forces act harmonious harmonious conflict conflict society nature nature interconnection interconnection
Ombem: As examples that reveal the relationship between nature and society, we can give: Man is not only a social, BUT also a biological being, and therefore, is a part of living nature. From the natural environment, society draws the necessary material and energy resources for its development. Man is not only a social, BUT also a biological being, and therefore, is a part of living nature. From the natural environment, society draws the necessary material and energy resources for its development. Degradation of the natural environment (pollution of air, water bodies, deforestation, etc.) leads to a deterioration in human health, a decrease in the quality of their life, etc. Degradation of the natural environment (pollution of air, water bodies, deforestation, etc.) leads to deterioration of people's health, to a decrease in their quality of life, etc.
What is the separation of society from nature? At the center of social development is a person with consciousness and will. Nature exists and develops according to objective laws. Unlike nature, society has spatio-temporal boundaries and, in its development, obeys, along with general, special and specific laws. Society is an organized system: social structure, social and political organizations and institutions. Society acts as a creator, culture transformer, i.e. man-made "second", artificial nature.
What unites and what distinguishes society and nature? Society: has the laws of historical development; has the laws of historical development; engaged in creative activities; engaged in creative activities; transforms the world, including nature. transforms the world, including nature. Nature: has its own laws; has its own laws; constant and continuous evolutionary process; constant and continuous evolutionary process; influences the formation of culture, traditions, customs; influences the formation of culture, traditions, customs; can slow down or accelerate the development of countries and peoples; can slow down or accelerate the development of countries and peoples; spontaneous; spontaneous; durable. durable.
The life of society is nothing but a process of joint activity of people. Social relations are stable ties between social groups, classes, nations, as well as within them in the process of economic, social, political, cultural life and activity Socialization is the process of including a person in a certain system of connections and relations.
Public relations. The scheme is the diverse connections that arise between social groups, classes, nations, as well as within them in the process of economic, social, political, cultural life and activity. Public Relations: Steadily recurring, largely impersonal (formal), affecting important aspects of people Public relations exist in all social institutions and subsystems of society. Man is the connecting link of all elements and subsystems of society
The diverse connections that arise between social groups, classes, nations, as well as within them in the process of economic, social, political, cultural life and activity, are called social relations. In a broad sense, social relations are the entire system of social connections and dependencies of the activity and life of people in society. In a narrow sense - mediated connections between people.
Social relations are subdivided into Social relations are subdivided into unilateral and mutual. unilateral and mutual. One-sided are characterized by the fact that their participants put different meanings into them: love on the part of an individual can stumble upon complete indifference on the part of another. One-sided are characterized by the fact that their participants put different meanings into them: love on the part of an individual can stumble upon complete indifference on the part of another. Mutual social relations imply reciprocity of its manifestation. Mutual social relations imply reciprocity of its manifestation.
Public relations are heterogeneous; primary and secondary levels are distinguished in their system. Public relations are heterogeneous; primary and secondary levels are distinguished in their system. Material relations belong to the primary level, i.e., social relations that develop independently of consciousness and will and are formed in the sphere of material production. They provide society with material opportunities for existence and development. These include relations of production, social relations, and others. Material relations belong to the primary level, that is, social relations that develop independently of consciousness and will and are formed in the sphere of material production. They provide society with material opportunities for existence and development. These include relations of production, social and domestic, etc. The secondary level is formed by relations that arise only passing through consciousness, on the basis of certain ideas and views. These relations permeate the spiritual life of society (ideological, cultural, religious, moral, etc.), they are the result and condition for the interaction of people in the process of creating and disseminating spiritual cultural property. The secondary level is formed by relationships that arise only passing through consciousness, on the basis of certain ideas and views. These relations permeate the spiritual life of society (ideological, cultural, religious, moral, etc.), they are the result and condition for the interaction of people in the process of creating and disseminating spiritual and cultural values.
Social relations Material relations Spiritual (ideal) relations Arise and develop directly in the course of a person’s practical activity outside his consciousness and independently of him Formed in advance “passing through the consciousness” of people, determined by their spiritual values political, legal, artistic, philosophical, religious relations
All public organizations and enterprises serve three types of public relations socio-cultural political production family Mass media church creative unions cultural institutions parties movements lobby groups (groups of pressure on the authorities) private enterprises joint-stock companies professional societies
Society and culture The concept of "society" is related to the system of relationships between individuals belonging to a common culture
"Second nature" Culture (cultivation, upbringing, education) These are the achievements of mankind in the spiritual field (art, science, etc.) Narrow meaning All types of transformative human activity aimed not only at the external environment, but also at himself. Broad meaning Cannot exist outside of society Characterized by historicity Material Spiritual Culture Characterized by diversity
According to the philosopher Z. Freud, culture is everything in which human life has risen above its biological circumstances and how it differs from animal life. What is culture? Let's try to explore this concept. - Read paragraph 3 of § 9. - Why is culture called "second nature"? What do we mean by culture? - Expand the meaning of this concept in its narrow sense. - Describe the broad meaning of the concept of "culture" - What role does culture play in the life of society? -Name the main features of culture. - Describe the conditional division of culture into separate components. - Why is this division conditional? - What are "cultural universals"? Give examples.
The concepts contained in the language, with the help of which people systematize and generalize the experience of knowing themselves and the world; the concepts contained in the language, with the help of which people systematize and generalize the experience of knowing themselves and the world; relationships with each other in space and time, by meaning, on the basis of causality; relationships with each other in space and time, by meaning, on the basis of causality; values - generally accepted beliefs about the goals to which a person should strive; values - generally accepted beliefs about the goals to which a person should strive; rules and norms that regulate people's behavior in accordance with the values of a particular culture. rules and norms that regulate people's behavior in accordance with the values of a particular culture.
Consistent actions of people aimed at achieving a specific goal are called activities. Activity is a way of being that distinguishes people from nature.
Types of activity types of areas of activity The economic sphere is the economic activity of a society when material goods are created. The social sphere is the emergence and interaction of people with each other. Political sphere- is the area of interaction between people about power and subordination. The spiritual sphere is the area of creation and development of spiritual goods. Characteristics of the branch of social science Economics - a system of sciences that study economic relations, the problem of using limited resources in order to meet the unlimited needs of society. Philosophy is the science of the most general laws of the development of society, nature, and consciousness.
Characteristics of the branch of social science Sociology is the science of the community as an integral system and of individual social institutions, processes, social groups and communities, the relationship of the individual and society, the laws of mass behavior of people. Political science is a science that studies politics, political processes and behavior of political subjects, political relations, political consciousness and culture, ways of solving political problems.
Characteristics of the branch of social science Legal science is a social science that studies law as a special system of social norms, individual branches of law, the history of the state and law. Culturology is a single social and humanitarian science about the spiritual culture of the people.
Characteristics of the branch of social science Historical science is a complex of social sciences that study the past of mankind in all its concreteness and diversity. Social psychology is a science that studies the patterns of formation, functioning and development of socio-psychological phenomena, processes and states, the subjects of which are individuals and social communities. 43
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Society (society) is understood in three senses:
1) in a broad sense - a part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it. including people, ways and forms of their interaction with each other. Examples of society in this sense are earthlings, the international community;
2) in the narrow - a circle of people united by a common goal, interests, origin, etc. (family, class team, society of numismatists), or selected on the basis of some sign (Russian society, Muscovites, etc.);
3) in the historical - a specific stage in the development of the people, the state. Examples are early feudal society, ancient Roman society.
Society is a product of the total activity of people. In activities, people enter into various relationships- they form the basis, the "fabric" of society.
Society performs a variety of functions. Chief among them: the production of public goods, the distribution of the results of labor, the control of people's behavior and the regulation of their activities, the socialization and education of a person, spiritual production (the creation of ideas, spiritual values), the preservation, reproduction and transfer of spiritual goods. The relationship between a person and society is mutual - a person, uniting with others, is the basis of society, at the same time, a person himself experiences the influence of society on him. Society depends on the people in it, and each person depends on the society in which he enters.
Society is, first of all, a set of social relations. Public relations are diverse forms of interaction between people, connections that arise between different social groups.
Society is a complex, self-developing, integral system. Society is not just a crowd of people. There are properties in society that are not reducible simply to people individually filling the society.
Signs of society:
1) society is a system. A system is an ordered set of interconnected elements. The elements of society are people, social groups, organizations, etc. They are interconnected in many and varied ways. Characterizing society as a system, scientists focus on the structure of society, its elements, relationships between people and groups;
2) society is a dynamic system. Dynamics is development, unlike statics. Without a doubt, society is in constant development. “Everything flows, everything changes, you cannot enter the same river twice - the waters are not the same, and the person is different,” said the ancient Greek philosopher Heraclitus. The development of society is unpredictable, alternative (there are different development options), always incomplete (i.e., development will never end), non-linear (society develops at different speeds, sometimes slowing down, sometimes accelerating);
3) society is an open system, since it interacts with other systems - nature, space, etc. Society is influenced, for example, by nature during cold days, droughts, etc., at the same time, society itself can influence nature - for example, disperse clouds during parades and other holidays, regulate the number of wild animals, create nature reserves, etc. .P.
There are 4 subsystems (spheres) in the structure of society:
- political - includes management, people's attitudes about power, political norms. ideologies, etc.;
- economic - includes a set of people's relations regarding the creation, distribution, exchange and consumption of economic goods;
- social - includes various social communities, groups, classes and relations between them;
- spiritual (cultural) - includes science, culture, education, religion and other spiritual entities.
The basis for the allocation of subsystems (spheres) in society is the basic human needs that they satisfy:
- political - the need for law and order, organization, discipline, peace;
- economic - material needs;
- social - the need for contacts, communication with other people;
Spiritual - the need for self-realization, self-affirmation, multiplication of goodness, truth, beauty.
The allocation of spheres in society is very conditional. Many social elements can be attributed to several areas at once. For example, television. It can perform political functions, and help people communicate (social sphere), and spread spiritual values. All spheres of society are interconnected and mutually condition each other.
Society interacts contradictory with nature. Nature is the totality of the natural conditions of human existence. Nature, like society, is a system. These systems develop according to their own laws: nature - under the influence of unconscious forces; society - most often based on conscious forces. Nature predetermines the conditions of life for each member of society, and society affects nature in a contradictory way. It can pollute nature, or it can have a positive effect - create reserves, etc.
Society also interacts with culture. It has created and develops culture, and culture predetermines the development of society itself.
