Download Hagia Sophia symbol of ancient Rus'. Presentation on the theme "cathedrals and temples of ancient Rus'". Who built the Hagia Sophia
Saint Sophie Cathedral- a symbol of Kievan Rus during its heyday. Sofia of Kyiv emphasized the greatness and power of the ancient Russian state of the times of Yaroslav the Wise.
Kievan Rus at the end of the 10th century - the first half of the 11th century.
At the end of the X century. - the first half of the 11th century. there is a strengthening of princely power, the state acquires the features of a centralized monarchy, Christianity is replacing paganism. At the initiative of Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich - the father of Yaroslav the Wise - Rus' is being baptized. The first stone temples begin to be built.
For Rus' of that time, the Byzantine Empire was the role model and the main partner in foreign policy. In the capital of Byzantium - Constantinople - by the beginning of the XI century. For more than 400 years, the Hagia Sophia towered.
The cathedral was the largest building in Europe at that time and remained so for another 500 years.
The cathedral was erected in the mighty Byzantine Empire during the reign of Emperor Justinian the Great (527-565).
In the Russian chronicles of the beginning of the XII century. The capital of Byzantium - Constantinople - was called Constantinople.
Construction of Hagia Sophia
Sofia of Kyiv
In the first half of the XI century. a temple was built in Kyiv with the same name as the cathedral in Constantinople - Saint Sophie Cathedral.
Historians are arguing about the time of construction of St. Sophia of Kyiv. Some historians attribute the construction of the temple to the beginning of the 11th century.
Some of them give the date 1017. and refer to the text of the Novgorod Chronicle.
Others suggest that Vladimir the Great began construction and refer to archaeological sources.
The third part of historians adheres to the classical point of view, and relies on Tale of Bygone Years:
“In the year 6545 (1037) Yaroslav founded the great city, near the same city of the Golden Gate; founded the church of St. Sophia, the metropolis, and then the church on the Golden Gate - the Holy Mother of God of the Annunciation, then the monastery of St. George and St. Irina ".
Who built the St. Sophia Cathedral?
We do not know the names of the architects who designed and built the Hagia Sophia, as well as the names of the masters who completed the work inside the cathedral, richly decorating it with frescoes and mosaics. It is believed that these were Byzantine masters. Obviously, local craftsmen were also involved in the construction.
Sofia of Kyiv
The fate of the country is the fate of the temple
In its centuries-old history, the temple shared the fate of the country: it was repeatedly devastated and devastated. In 1240 Batu Khan's troops laid siege to Kyiv and captured the city after a two-month struggle. Kyiv turned into ruins. Only a few buildings survived, among them was the looted Saint Sophia Cathedral.
Temple reconstruction
The first reconstruction of the temple took Metropolitan of Kyiv Peter Grave. Works begun in the middle of the 17th century were completed only at the beginning of the 18th century. The appearance of St. Sophia Cathedral changed during the reconstruction, it was rebuilt in the Ukrainian baroque style.
Saint Sophia Cathedral- an architectural masterpiece of ancient Kievan Rus; one of the few monuments of architecture of the 11th century, which, with changes, has survived to this day.
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Culture of Ancient Rus'
Ancient Russian culture also absorbed the cultural achievements of the peoples living in Rus' and the peoples surrounding it.
The basis of ancient Russian culture: 1. Cultural heritage of the Eastern Slavs: Myths and legends; Wood and stone carving; Blacksmith craft. 2. Byzantine cultural traditions: Church books; Construction of temples; Iconography.
The main motive of ancient Russian art is PATRIOTISM.
Patriotism is love for the Motherland, devotion to one's Fatherland, one's people.
1. UNT: From time immemorial, oral folk art has developed in Rus' - songs, fairy tales, epics main idea- the liberation of their land and its protection from enemies.
The main characters of the epic heroes: Alyosha Popovich, Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich
2. Writing and literacy: Slavic alphabet(Cyril and Methodius); Opening schools at churches (reading, arithmetic, writing, fundamentals Christian doctrine); Translations of Greek church books, biographies of Christian saints, historical writings; The first Russian handwritten books.
3. Literature: Originates in the 11th century. Literary works: Chronicle; Life; Word.
4. Architecture and art: A. wooden architecture; B. stone construction.
Church of Hagia Sophia in Kyiv
Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod
Tithe Church in Kyiv
Conclusion: The Old Russian state was distinguished by a high level of cultural development. Old Russian culture has become an integral part of world culture.
Homework: § 7 p. 55 - 63, questions; Word definitions; R.T. No. 2 p.17, No. 3,4 p.18
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Municipal budgetary educational institution "Lyceum" No. 24 Ancient temples of Rus' Saint Sophia Cathedral Author of the work: teacher of Russian language and literature Klyuchnikova Irina Vladimirovna G. Gukovo, Rostov region 2014 "The fate of the temple - the fate of Russia - the fate of man" The waters of a quiet river reflect Temple surrounded by trees. Years and centuries fly by Every day prayers are heard there. Candles are burning here and lamps, Their reflections on the images are burning, Virgin Blessed Holy sights Directly into the soul affectionately look. So good to cry and pray And the sky is so close to the earth there, What then is sad to return In a sinful world, lying all in evil. But the soul will again strive again To a wonderful world, back to silence, To the holy world, where it can be reborn The love that still sleeps in me. Novgorod Kremlin, or Detinets, as it was called in ancient Novgorod, founded by Prince Yaroslav, is the oldest of the Kremlins preserved in Russia (it was first mentioned in the annals of 1044). The Kremlin was the administrative, social and religious center of Novgorod. A veche was held here, the election of a posadnik, from here Alexander Nevsky's squads went to battle with the Swedes, its walls defended the main one - St. Sophia Cathedral and the residence of the Novgorod Bishop. It was in the Kremlin that chronicles were kept, books were collected and copied.
Photo from 1900.
The history of the Novgorod Kremlin is inextricably linked with the history of Novgorod itself. Back in the year of the baptism of the Novgorodians in the X (tenth) century, the first christian temple. It was a wooden oak church "about 13 tops", the temple of Hagia Sophia. When the church burned down in 1045, Prince Yaroslav the Wise and his eldest son Vladimir, who was placed in Novgorod as a prince, ordered the stone church of Sophia the Wisdom of God to be laid. He became the first of stone buildings Russian North. Sophia Novgorodskaya is currently - ancient temple Russia. The construction of St. Sophia Cathedral lasted 5 years from 1045 to 1050. Located on a high hill, surrounded by the powerful walls of the Kremlin, the many-domed majestic Sophia was visible from afar. Its precise and clear proportions, wonderful interior painting, mosaics, icons, precious utensils, magnificent lamps testified to the greatness and wealth of Novgorod. The temple is distinguished by laconicism, restraint and simplicity of architectural design.Initially, the temple did not have plaster and whitewash, the expressiveness of the masonry, the picturesque stone gave the cathedral an unusually majestic and solemn appearance. The western facade has been decorated with paintings since ancient times. This painting was updated in the 19th century. Ancient painting of the 16th century preserved only in the middle part of the composition.
Three entrances lead to the St. Sophia Cathedral: southern, western and northern. Main - western entrance from the 12th century decorated with bronze doors. The doors are opened on special occasions.The gates were made in Magdeburg by Western European craftsmen in the middle of the 12th century; perhaps the customer of the gates was Bishop Alexander of Plot (his image is on one of the plates). Biblical and gospel stories are illustrated on forty-eight bronze plates. These are scenes of the creation of the world, the Nativity of Christ, the Crucifixion, the Ascension.
Interesting handles in the form of lion heads. Rods are inserted into their open mouths, to which handles in the form of snakes are attached - all this symbolizes hell. Human heads are visible in the mouths of lions - these are sinners whom this hell absorbs.
Initially, the domes of the cathedral were helmet-shaped, and the central dome was covered with gold at the beginning of the 15th century. The chronicler mentions this: “And in 1408, Archbishop John made St. Sophia with lead and a large golden-domed poppy flower.” On the central cross of Sophia is a small dove. A beautiful legend tells how he hovered over the temple 400 years ago, when the troops of Ivan the Terrible were fierce in Novgorod. Terrified by what he saw, the dove sat down on the cross to mourn the victims and turned to stone with grief. The legend has a continuation: while this dove is sitting on the cross of Sophia, Veliky Novgorod will stand, and the dove will fly off, and then the city will end. In 1922, during the seizure of church valuables, the cathedral was robbed. In 1929 it was closed and an anti-religious museum was opened there. The museum displayed the treasures stored in the sacristy of the cathedral as an example of the "fabulous riches of the church". Photos of the cathedral during the war, most of which were taken during the Nazi German-Spanish occupation of the city, which lasted from August 15, 1941 to January 20, 1944.The Germans pose against the backdrop of the monument to the Millennium of Russia. The Germans desecrated the monument. They smashed it and scattered the figures on the ground. They threw the belfry bells to the ground
During the occupation of Novgorod by the Nazi troops, the temple was damaged and looted. After the war, it was completely restored and became a department of the Novgorod Museum-Reserve. In 1991, he was transferred to the Russian Orthodox Church and on August 16, 1991, he was personally consecrated by Patriarch Alexy II. In 2005-2007 the domes of the cathedral were restored. Today the Kremlin is a cultural and tourist center. Here are the main expositions of the Novgorod Museum-Reserve, restoration workshops, a library, a philharmonic society, an art school, an art and music school. The Church of Hagia Sophia is the main building of the city, as if it personified Novgorod itself. It is no coincidence that the ancient Novgorodians, going into battle with the enemy, vowed to "stand up and die for Saint Sophia." The cathedral, in the minds of the inhabitants, personified the independence of Novgorod.Firstly, the Kiev Hagia Sophia is an ancient Russian symbol, and secondly, it is a witness to the ancient and modern history. Every citizen of this unsurpassed power is simply forced to visit such a magnificent place at least once in his life. And tourists who come to Ukraine from the most remote corners of the Earth, first of all, strive to see the architectural masterpiece, sung in historical memoirs and chronicles.
Where is he located
Hagia Sophia is a symbol of Ancient Rus' and not only. Although this temple has the museum status of a historical monument, since ancient times it has been a witness to each specific era and a contemporary of all generations. The appearance of the temple and the attitude towards it rightly confirmed all the facts about the state of the state and society.
A native of Kiev or a foreign tourist, before getting to the cherished temple, is forced to pass a huge square surrounded by modern buildings, bypass the monument to the great hetman Bohdan Khmelnitsky, erected in the century before last. Then, in order to finally see the architectural masterpiece, you need to go under the arched bell tower along high walls dating from the beginning of the 18th century. And even with all the fact that St. Sophia of Kiev is located almost in the center of the metropolis, it is still a quiet and cozy corner. But it is very hard to believe that this has always been the case here.
Once in the cathedral for the first time, a person will begin to look in surprise in different directions, because the wide and low building outside suddenly rises majestically upwards, the area becomes larger, and Oranta, the Mother of God in golden radiance, looks straight at the parishioner. A person will feel either an omnipotent person or a flimsy creature. But now it will become much easier for him to imagine the noisy assembly that gathered under the walls of this building in order to make the most important decision for the state.
Guess and facts
Hagia Sophia (the symbol of Ancient Rus') was erected and consecrated in the 11th century, or rather, in its first half. But even today, historians put forward several dates for its creation. So, it is assumed that the landmark was erected during one of these years: 1011, 1017 or 1037.
The last two dates are based on entries from various chronicles - Novgorod and The Tale of Bygone Years, respectively. The results of the study of the marks on the walls of the temple, as well as the revision of several facts of ancient written records, are considered to be confirmation of the first.
Also indisputable is the fact that the history of the idea and the erection of the church is inextricably linked to this. Three well-known monarchs of the state are also related to this - Princess Olga, Prince Vladimir and Prince Yaroslav the Wise.
According to the chronicles, the original Hagia Sophia - a symbol of Ancient Rus' - and the laurel surrounding the temple were erected by Olga in Kyiv. It may be that this happened some time before the visit of the princess to Constantinople. And it is possible that the images were presented to the temple by the Patriarch of Constantinople. The new church was built of wood, and therefore in 1017, and not later, it burned down during the Kyiv fire.
Vladimir and Yaroslav Vladimirovich
According to other information from the annals, the new Hagia Sophia in Kyiv was founded by Svyatoslav Vladimirovich. It was a big wooden church. It was located in the field (outside the then capital), in the place where the prince defeated the Pechenegs.
The architectural, political and spiritual prototype of the temple became in Constantinople. He impressed with his appearance and, most likely, was an unforgettable memory for Princess Olga. And if we admit the fact of the baptism of a woman, then we should start from the fact that this happened precisely in Constantinople, in the church of Hagia Sophia. And in the Korsun church of St. Sophia, Prince Vladimir himself was crowned and baptized. That is why the construction of the temple in Rus' was not an accident.
Under Yaroslav, the temple was to reach its highest peak and emphasize the independence and strength of Kievan Rus.
The grandeur of the cathedral
Almost simultaneously with the consecration, Hagia Sophia (the history of creation is described in our article) also acquired the chair of the Metropolitans of Kyiv. The courtyard of the residence of the metropolitans was fenced off with a wall. But even by the standards of that time, its territory was simply impressive in its size. Therefore, not only the authorities and the clergy could engage in religious and state affairs here, but ordinary townspeople also had the right to gather near the walls at a veche or in order to celebrate the ascension of a new prince to the throne.
What does he look like
And yet, most scientists are sure that Hagia Sophia in Kyiv was built in the time. Until now, the building was able to preserve the luxury of ancient architecture and the picturesque grandeur of the 11th century. This church harmoniously combines frescoes and mosaics. The main parts of the interior are highlighted with mosaics (the altar and the central dome). The rest of the territory was decorated with frescoes. Today, parishioners and guests can see 260 m 2 of original mosaics dating back to the 11th century, and approximately 3 thousand square meters. m fresco painting.
The cathedral was dedicated to Sophia, who embodies wisdom, and therefore the architecture and painting of the church was supposed to strengthen and assert Christianity and the power of the feudal lords. In the altar and the central dome, the faces of the main characters and episodes of the Christian dogma are drawn. They are made of smalt on wet plaster. The mosaic of the temple consists of 177 shades of color.
Christ the Almighty is depicted in the medallion of the central dome. And around the zenith, four archangels used to be located, but only one figure was preserved in mosaic form. The rest are already finished in oil.
become a museum
In the mid-1930s, the authorities of the then Soviet Ukraine decided that Hagia Sophia (the symbol of Ancient Rus') should become a museum-reserve. The cathedral began to carry out research and at the end of the last century, the work of the museum was recognized by the world. Today it is the National Reserve "Sofia Kyiv".
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