Scientific and technological revolution. Scientific and technical translation. Global implications of ntr

INTRODUCTION ____________________________________________________________2

1. THE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF STD ON SOCIETY_____________3

1.1. Displacement of the majority of the population from the active sphere of activity _________________________________________3

1.2. The stratification of humanity _______________________________5

1.3. Transfer of control of people to automation _________________7

2. POSITIVE IMPACT OF STD ON SOCIETY ____________9

2.1. Expanding the horizons of knowledge __________________________9

2.2. Opportunities for spiritual growth and humanization of knowledge ______9

2.3. Independence from external factors ____________________10

3. CONSEQUENCES_____________________________________________12

3.1. Artificial intelligence and life. Cloning_________12

3.2. Virtual Reality_______________________________13

3.3. Informatization and information explosion _______________14

CONCLUSION__________________________________________________16

LIST OF USED LITERATURE _________________________17

INTRODUCTION

The scientific and technological revolution has a huge and ever-increasing influence on the formation of the future of mankind.

aim of this work is to consider the problem of the consequences of the modern technological stage of social development, i.e. study of the origins and essence of the scientific and technological revolution, its impact on society; global problems of our time, their content and development prospects.

object research are the technologies of the 21st century.

Subject research is the impact of scientific and technological development on society.

At the present stage of industrial development, the scientific and technological revolution develops primarily as a technological revolution, that is, modern technologies are leading in it.

Today, technology determines our way of life, and therefore the way we think. Technique and technology have always existed, from the point of view of the history of mankind, since this history itself does not begin until the moment when people begin to use tools, that is, the simplest technique. Moreover, the course of human history is largely determined by the process of gradual development of technology and the set of technologies available to society. However, up to the Industrial Revolution, technique and technology did not have that universal and deterministic character that they acquired in the New, and especially in the Newest Age.

The extensive development of electronics, computerization, the development of communications and communications has led to the formation of the information society. This is relevant problem of the modern world, and therefore I devoted my essay to this topic of the scientific and technological revolution and technological determinism.

1. ESSENCE AND MAIN DIRECTIONS OF STD

Looking back at the history of the development of science as a whole or a separate area, we can say that development is uneven. The stages of the calm development of science or scientific direction end sooner or later. The general scheme of cycles characterizing STP as a whole can be represented as a four-level system.

1. The first, highest level is made up of general (global) technical (scientific and technical) revolutions, each of which radically transforms society in all its elements: both in productive forces, and in political forms, and in ideology. Each of the general revolutions significantly accelerates the pace of scientific and technological progress. These revolutions include:

1) a technical revolution associated with the transition to the “Iron Age” in the 1st millennium BC, and consisting in the use of steel tools in agriculture and crafts and steel weapons;

2) the industrial revolution of the late 18th-19th centuries, associated with the widespread use of a universal steam engine in various fields, the spread of working machines and the formation of mechanical engineering (starting with the invention of a caliper);

3) scientific and technological revolution (mid-20th century), associated primarily with the spread of devices and systems for control and information processing based on computers (computerization) and other electronics (electronization), including control devices for robotic systems (robotics) . These three revolutions were preceded by an even more significant revolution, which had unique consequences for the fate of life on earth, associated with the creation of stone tools and the development of fire. This revolution defined a clear line between humanity and the animal world, and it begins the countdown of the development of human society and subsequent technical and scientific and technological revolutions.

Already in the first half of the 50s. the use of the latest technologies in industry and other sectors of the economy of the leading industrial countries, the use of the entire range of achievements in science and technology has reached an extremely high level. This was the beginning of the scientific and technological revolution (NTR). It implies the introduction of the latest technologies not only in production, but also in the management process, the use of new types of energy and materials.
A new stage of scientific and technological revolution began with the advent in the mid-70s. mini-processors (the processor is the main working unit of computer devices). This stage was accompanied by a number of discoveries in other areas of science and technology, in particular in biotechnology. The level of automation of production has increased tremendously, following automated conveyor lines, entire automatic enterprises have appeared. But this did not lead to mass unemployment, as some skeptics feared. In the context of deepening integration, it became possible to redistribute labor resources, directing them to other branches of production. And the presence of a single information space allows the labor market itself to be active and choose the most profitable areas for this redistribution.

Scientific and technological revolution is a fundamental qualitative revolution in the productive forces of mankind, based on the transformation of science into the direct productive force of society, into the leading factor in the development of social production. Characteristic features of NTR:
- versatility,
— extraordinary acceleration of scientific and technological transformations,
- a fundamental change in the role of man in the production process,
- Orientation towards the use of scientific and technological achievements for military purposes.

The characteristic features of the scientific and technological revolution are manifested in all its constituent parts:
1) In science - the transformation of science into a direct productive force, the growth of knowledge-intensive industries.
2) In engineering and technology - the predominance of the revolutionary path of development, the "microelectronic revolution".
3) In production - development in six main areas - electronization, integrated automation, restructuring of the energy economy, production of new materials, accelerated development of biotechnology, the study and use of space.
4) In management - the emergence of cybernetics (the science of management and information), the "information explosion", the creation of automated control systems, computer centers.

Modern technologies and their objects are very complex, which determines their high scientific and information capacity, the impossibility of their formation and development without a solid scientific base, without scientific information search. These technologies are usually based on the latest achievements of fundamental sciences and interact with them. Often they pose complex problems for science, which can be solved only on the basis of the integration of a number of natural, mathematical, technical and social sciences. When they are formed, new links are established between science and technology. And if sciences that were hierarchically adjacent interacted before, now sciences that are far apart have begun to interact. In essence, for the first time, the humanities (psychology, sociology) entered into a serious relationship with technology. At the same time, there is no mechanical transfer of concepts from one science to another, but there is an increase in interpenetration scientific disciplines and the formation of interdisciplinary sciences, including the technological cycle, the unifying factor in which are both common approaches to solving various problems, and common problems, which are involved different approaches and methods of sciences.

For the first time, fundamentally new methods of processing products and obtaining finished products are found: electron beam, plasma, pulsed, radiation, membrane, chemical, etc. Such a technology greatly increases labor productivity, raises the efficiency of resource use, and reduces the cost of energy and materials for manufacturing products.

Another important area of ​​technology improvement is resource saving. For this purpose, economical types of metal products, synthetic and other progressive materials are used, the technical and economic characteristics are improved, and the strength characteristics of structural materials are increased. A more complete and comprehensive use of raw materials and technological waste allows creating low-waste and waste-free production.

Based on the achievements of electronics and automation, the processing of products can reliably ensure their high quality.

Unlike traditional technology, which is characterized by environmental pollution, "high technology" is usually environmentally friendly. In this case, closed water consumption systems, closed production cycles are used, secondary raw materials and industrial waste are widely used, and environmental management is improved. This ensures the growth of not only economic, but also social efficiency of economic activity.

2. THE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF STD ON SOCIETY

Any object, action, event, just like a coin has two sides, in this case the law of unity and interaction (struggle) of contradictions is applicable. Likewise, NTR has positive and negative sides. Consider the negative ones, below are some of them.

2.1. The displacement of most of the population from the active sphere of activity

"Let's look at the diagram. Automation is developing at the same pace as it is now. Only after a few decades, the vast majority of the active population of the earth is thrown out of production processes and from the service sector as unnecessary. It will be very good: everyone is full, there is nothing to trample on each other, no one interferes with each other ... And no one needs anyone. There are, of course, several hundred thousand people who ensure the smooth operation of old machines and the creation of new ones, but the remaining billions simply do not need each other. This is good?"

The existence of a person and his health become guaranteed, regardless of his activity or inactivity. If now the very nature of life forces you to make some efforts on yourself, then after the onset of the "technological paradise" there will be no need for this. Now there are problems associated with the fact that people are not able to fill their leisure time with some (let's not talk about public benefit), at least socially safe activities. People drink, do drugs, fight. There are many who are restrained by the unpleasant consequences of such "pleasures". After drinking, your head hurts, with regular use of alcohol, alcoholism develops, because of a fight you can get into the police. When these restrictions are removed, the number of those who want to "have fun" will increase dramatically, and the life of a very significant part of the population will turn into a search for ever newer, more sophisticated entertainment.

Once upon a time, science fiction writers portrayed the people of the future as tadpoles with frail arms and legs, since they do not need to work physically. It is possible that they will not have a head either. There will be just a part of the brain responsible for receiving pleasure, to which the computer sends signals of pleasure and a minimum of organs necessary to maintain life.

People don’t really need each other anyway and often see others as an annoying hindrance to their own well-being. Subsequently, they will cease to be needed by each other at all.

Technology will provide a person with everything necessary, but at the same time it will deprive him of an incentive to develop, achieve something new and make him helpless in the face of unexpected incidents. Several defense mechanisms are possible here:

• in any society there are those who are dissatisfied with the current state of affairs, who are on the “border” of contact between society and the outside world, with various global changes, these “dissatisfied” turned out to be at the head of society, and it was thanks to them that society survived;
• any even the most perfect system cannot be completely closed, there are always external influences, and these external influences, modernization, programming, restructuring will be carried out by people;
• engaging in creative activities.

2.2. The stratification of humanity

One of the negative factors of modern scientific and technological revolution is the stratification of mankind. Man is a social being, he never evaluates absolute indicators (such as “life has become better”), but evaluates everything in comparison, and in connection with these problems of “stratification” of society caused by the processes of scientific and technological revolution, it looks very menacing. Stratification occurs in several ways.

· Stratification by property

Stratification by property has existed since the dawn of civilization, when people began to own private property, so it is common. The NTR will only strengthen it due to the fact that everyone has different starting opportunities, and the result of the NTR will be the multiplication of the initial capital. Therefore, in absolute terms, the income of the less well-to-do population will increase, and in relative terms, in comparison with the more well-to-do, it will decrease.

· Stratification by age

The problem of "fathers and sons" has always existed, but under the influence of scientific and technological revolution it has become more aggravated. The acceleration of the pace of scientific and technological development has become so obvious that one does not need to be a specialist to notice it. The rapid change in living conditions caused by this acceleration is one of the factors negatively affecting the formation of a homeostatic system of customs and norms in modern world. What lessons and instructions can a highly experienced old age give young people if the whole complex of life of the next generation does not in any way resemble the way of life of their parents?

Even now children and parents speak different languages, both figuratively and literally, even in prosperous families, different generations look from opposite points of view, and what parents continue to appreciate seems ridiculous to the younger generation at best. Conversely, what young people perceive as a priori truth is perceived by the older generation as a very controversial hypothesis. Until quite recently, vinyl discs and an imported turntable were the ultimate dream of music lovers, and magnetic recordings were perceived as a pathetic parody of “real” quality. I recall the heated discussions of the late 80s, about computer music in general, and its creation on a computer in particular. The softest expression of the lovers of "clear" sound was "handicraft", and who will remember now that music can be written on a lined sheet of paper.

Of course, the above example somewhat exaggerates the situation, but even now we can say that “thanks to” the scientific and technological revolution, not only material, but also spiritual values ​​are changing.

· Intellectual stratification

Although the achievements of ergonomics and mnemonics make it possible to use complex household appliances even for housewives who cannot distinguish a soldering iron from a toaster, nevertheless, in order to take full advantage of the achievements of scientific and technological revolution, one must have a certain level of intelligence.

Therefore, those who have a higher level of intelligence will be able to take full advantage of the achievements of the scientific and technological revolution, which will lead at least to an increase in the material gap and a clearer demarcation of social status.

· Occupational stratification

STD requires mostly people with a mathematical and engineering mindset, so at some point in time this type of thinking may seem more important, when in fact, it is just more suitable for this particular situation.

The fact is that in the course of scientific and technological progress there is a deepening of the specialization of production and only a person who has devoted his life to this problem can understand this area. In this situation, one can see another disturbing trend, a misunderstanding between specialists of different, and in some cases even related specialties.

The reasons for the growth in the number of scientific and technical workers are obvious - this is the complication of technology and the use of advanced scientific and technical achievements. As a result, the emergence of a rigid caste system is possible, with all the ensuing consequences.

2.3. Transfer of control of people to automation

Before the collapse of the USSR, we, despite the lag in computer technology, could still maintain parity with the United States in the main types of fundamental research, and in some ways we were “ahead of the rest”. Our science has achieved this not only thanks to the talent of scientists, but also due to the asymmetry of approaches to solving the tasks. In the United States, emphasis was placed on numerical methods, in our country on analytical ones, and going numerical methods require less costs, both economic and intellectual, and in some cases lead to the final result more quickly, but analytical methods make it possible to identify more fundamental patterns, which leads to a deeper understanding of the essence of the process under study, and as a result to a more complete possibility of its use. The current scientific and technical revolution has taken the "American way" and one of the possible consequences of this may be the omission of more "elegant" solutions leading to interesting results.

Another of the negative factors of this process is the predominance of analysis methods (as they are more easily formalized) over the synthesis of scientific solutions, and as a result, the loss of human scientific intuition.

Even now, decisions are taken for a person by automation, and a person animates technology, who has not heard the exclamation of a novice computer user: “Stupid machine, it doesn’t understand me”, a person recognizes the power of automation over himself, animating it and creating a new fetish. Who can guarantee that in twenty years, when computers will be entrusted with really complex problems, a person will not create new computer gods for himself.

3. POSITIVE IMPACT OF STD ON SOCIETY

Still, despite all the negative aspects, scientific and technological revolution is carried out to improve people's lives, and the main goal of any scientific and technological revolution is the benefit of people, to name some of them.

3.1. Expanding the horizons of knowledge

Mankind at all times tried to "look beyond the horizon" and understand how the world works, it invented gods, created various theories of the world order, and step by step approached the true understanding of the world. But, like the horizon, the process of cognition is unlimited (probably, this is what attracts a person to it), and for each new discovery, in addition to the knowledge of the “old” secrets, it showed that there are still “new” ones. As they say, happiness is not the achievement of the desired, but in the movement towards it. So for humanity, stopping the process is always associated with death, and moving forward with the victory of life.

One of the most important factors for the full development of the individual is full access to any information and freedom of movement. Modern telecommunications systems, such as satellite television and communication systems, INTERNET, etc., which are to some extent independent of government policy, allow a person to receive objective information and evaluate it not from the words of the Central Television announcer. This is another step towards the freedom of man and the emancipation of mankind.

3.2. Opportunities for Spiritual Growth and humanization of knowledge

Initially, man claimed divine origin. The works of Darwin called this previously indisputable postulate into question (this is another case when treatise had, in addition to scientific and also great psychological significance). Freud's work called into question the rationality of man. As a rule, great scientific accomplishments are accompanied by the destruction of previously unshakable dogmas, and they are unshakable because they offend people's conceit. Each step forward in the knowledge of the world strikes at the self-esteem of a person.

At the same time, knowing the environment and knowing himself through the environment, a person has the opportunity to rise above the world, not with the help of spiritual crutches, such as "God's chosen people" and other consolations for the weak, but by himself realizing that he is a Man with a capital letter, he himself can create and create without needing a theory of "God" as interpreted by Christian and other religions.

As mentioned above, narrow specialization will lead to misunderstanding of each other by different groups of people, at the same time, an increase in material security and the creation of free economic reserves will allow more resources to be allocated to culture and the humanities. Which will play an important role in finding a common language between different groups of people outside of work.

As a consequence of this, basic education will become more fundamental, especially its humanitarian part, in particular sociology and philosophy with its concepts of basic regularities and logic, especially formal logic. As a result of this, the general direction of knowledge will become more humanitarian, and therefore more "attached" to the human community.

3.3. Independence from external factors

Homeostasis is the desire for balance, that is, for existence in spite of change.

The homeostatic activity of man, in which he uses technology as a kind of organs, has made him the master of the Earth, powerful, alas, only in the eyes of the apologist, whom he himself is. And in the face of climate change, earthquakes, and the rare but real threat of giant meteorite impacts, man is essentially as helpless as he was during the last ice age.

But already now humanity is creating a technique for helping the victims of certain natural Disasters. He knows how to foresee some of the disasters, although inaccurately, and thereby partially neutralize their consequences.

One of the consequences of scientific and technological revolution will be homeostasis on a planetary, and later on a cosmic scale, when neither an earthquake nor solar flares can harm all of humanity as a whole and an individual in particular.

This will take the person from being unsure of tomorrow, in the master of his fate, well, if not fate, then at least life.

4. CONSEQUENCES

Science not only solves scientific problems, but also confronts us with problems that we have to solve. Some of the questions that man will face in the very near future are already clear, some have tentative answers, and some questions may not have answers.

4.1. Artificial intelligence and life. Cloning

Man invented electronic devices that facilitate arithmetic calculation. It was soon discovered that these machines could be easily adapted to solve many of the creative problems associated with human knowledge. Facts accumulated, special computer programs were written, and artificial languages ​​for knowledge processing were invented. This process led to the emergence of "artificial intelligence". Nowadays, many theoretical studies on artificial intelligence have received practical use. Robots carry out precise mechanical operations, recognize images, search in difficult conditions, compose poetry. In the US classification of sciences, works on artificial intelligence have been transferred from the category of theoretical to the category of applied sciences.

Already, artificial intelligence is getting cheaper, and new generations of weapons are getting more expensive exponentially. In the First World War, the cost of an airplane was equal to a car, in the Second - twenty cars; by the end of the century, it already costs 600 times more than a car. It has been calculated that in 50 years even the superpowers will be able to have 18 to 22 aircraft, no more. This is how the intersection of the downward curve of the cost of artificial intelligence with the upward curve of the cost of weapons marked the beginning of the creation of unmanned armies. The figure of a soldier in a uniform and a helmet, rushing into a bayonet charge, is receding into the past to take a place next to medieval knights clad in iron.

The field of armaments is only the first sign, soon artificial intelligence will force people out of many areas of active activity, and only creative tasks will remain for a person. But how many are able to solve them?

On the other hand, artificial intelligence provides unlimited opportunities for creativity, freeing from routine work, becoming a reliable assistant in research, and sometimes replacing a person, where there is a risk of dangerous physical impact.

On the issue of cloning, there are already fierce debates about the moral and ethical side. Is it moral to create human clones to use them as a manufacturer of spare organs, because in essence it will be the same person. Or how to solve the dilemma of which of the twins is "real" and who has the right to this life.

Although science fiction writers have long answered this question, but even now, when Molly the sheep lives in two forms, there is no hint of a correct answer. After all, the answer to "prohibit" is, in fact, an attempt to evade the answer.

4.2. A virtual reality

A person cannot take advantage of all the opportunities that NTR provides him. He "chases" the ever-opening horizons of science and technology, but he will not be able to catch up (realize) them. In this case, humanity, most likely, will have to limit itself, consciously or unconsciously "closing" some areas of development. But how do we know if we missed something vital?

Another of the interesting consequences of the scientific and technological revolution is the emergence of virtual reality, at this stage it is the means of mass media (which only multi-episode soap operas are worth), INTERNET, interactive computer programs. All this creates for people who are not "fixed" in everyday life the desire to plunge into that bright life, without any worries, and get away from the "gray" reality.

This is used by people of the goal, which are not always pure, but who hold in their hands the threads of managing these means. The winner of the election is not the most competent in matters of state structure, but the most skillful in matters of manipulation public opinion and having the greatest opportunities for these manipulations. Of course, all this is true, provided that the elections are fair, if not in terms of equal opportunities to influence voters, then at least in terms of counting votes. Are there many countries where this condition is met?

The main thing is that there is a technology of power, and it will lead to power in any case, no matter what idea the candidate for emperor hides behind. "The doctrine is used to dominate the masses, while the ruling elite itself stands above its doctrine and is not bound by it." Remember Lenin's famous list: "post offices, banks, telephone, telegraph, railway stations." Today we need only add radio, television and airports to this list.

But besides the shortcomings, virtual reality provides an opportunity for unlimited implementation of ideas, unlimited access to information resources. More than 300 million people already use INTERNET, and they have access not only to the information that the government considers necessary to provide them, but also to look at events from a different point of view. And choose for themselves what they consider to be the main thing, and not what people in power have decided for them.

4.3. Informatization and information explosion

Since ancient times, it has been known that the one who has the information will succeed. But even now, despite all attempts to streamline the newly incoming information, it is growing like a "snowball", rolling at an ever greater speed. A person is simply not able to cover the entire volume of the problem facing him, this is exactly the case when the forest is not visible for the trees.

At present, the situation in informatics looks especially dramatic. In essence, the capabilities of modern informatics go far beyond the needs of the current industrial civilization.

Informatics is already ready to meet the needs of a higher order than those used by the current civilization. And therefore, while computer science itself has not created a new civilization, it is forced to follow the path of increasing external effects. Vicious path. It is also harmful to computer science itself, because after the start of a new scientific and technological revolution, it will need to regain its business style. And this is not so easy for an industry that is acquiring more and more “bohemian” features of internal functioning.

The number of discoveries is growing exponentially, but the number of scientists is growing even faster (by a large rate) (in general, discoveries make up only a small part of all the information that science produces). It is enough to look through dusty heaps of "works" and dissertations written for obtaining a scientific degree in some university archive to be convinced that sometimes not a single work of this kind out of hundreds of similar ones leads to even the slightest amount of valuable result. Therefore, reaching the limit of the information capacity of science means a significant decrease in the probability of making discoveries. Moreover, the value of this probability must from now on decrease steadily as the curve of actual growth in the number of scientists falls away from the hypothetical curve of further (now impossible) exponential growth.

On the other hand, information processing methods do not stand still, and perhaps in the near future "quantity will turn into quality." And then a person will stop feeling like an ant in front of a huge mountain of information and will understand that it is he - a Man, and not a machine, who makes decisions that envy his future.

CONCLUSION

Thus, the scientific and technological revolution is a fundamental, qualitative transformation of the productive forces on the basis of the transformation of science into the leading factor in the development of social production. In the course of the scientific and technological revolution, which began in the mid-40s of the 20th century, the process of turning science into a direct productive force is rapidly developing and completing.

IN modern civilization science plays a special role. The technological progress of the 20th century, which led to a new quality of life in the developed countries of the West and East, is based on the application of scientific achievements. Science not only revolutionizes the production sector, but also affects many other areas. human activity starting to regulate them, restructuring their means and methods. The problems of the future of modern civilization cannot be discussed outside the analysis of modern trends in the development of science and its prospects. In general, science is perceived as one of the highest values ​​of civilization and culture.

The increase in the role of technology leads, on the one hand, to technological determinism, and on the other hand, to a technocratic ideology, according to which individuals and groups that create technology, own it and know how to use it, not only have all the social and spiritual advantages, but are also able to reduce the management of all social processes to technology management. Technological determinism believes that technology is the decisive factor in development.

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OPEN LESSON IN GROUP 10

SUBJECT: "Characteristics of the NTR ».

Scientific and technological revolution and its impact on the world economy.

LESSON OBJECTIVES:

Educational:

1. Give the concept of the scientific and technological revolution;

2. Talk about salient features about the scientific and technological revolution;

3. Show that scientific and technological revolution is a single complex system in which four components closely interact with each other:

Technique and technology

· production

management

4. Consider the impact of scientific and technological revolution on the world economy

Educational tasks:

1. Education of diligence;

2. Accuracy in maintaining records in student workbooks;

3. Independence in judgments on this topic.

Development tasks:

1. Development of students' attention;

2. Competent monologue speech;

3. The ability to clearly, reasonably formulate a question and give a short, meaningful answer to the question;

4. Development of the ability to compare and analyze tables (Appendix No. 1, No. 2)

LESSON TYPE: combined.

LESSON METHODS:

lecture with elements of conversation, analytical, stimulating, method of oral control.

· Intellectual (introduction of interdisciplinary connections, dialogic presentation of material;

· Social: work in a group and in pairs;

· Programmatic: setting lesson goals for students at their level;

· Emotional: creating a situation of success.

The concept of NTR. The main features of the NTR. Ways of development of engineering and technology. International specialization, international monopolies. The main centers of the world economy, economic integration.

FORM OF CONTROL: frontal

EQUIPMENT: "NTR" scheme, textbook, students' notebooks.

EQUIPMENT: political map of the world, atlases, tables, textbooks.

Logical and conceptual structure of the main content of the lesson:

"Characteristics of the scientific and technological revolution"

Characteristic features and main parts			Technique and technology	Production	Control
6 main directions:
1. Electronization
2. Integrated automation
3. Restructuring of electrical facilities
4. Production of new materials
5. Cosmization
6. Accelerating the development of biotechnology

QUESTIONS FOR INTRODUCTION TO THE TOPIC:

1. What is the scientific and technological revolution?

2. How do the concepts of "scientific and technological progress" and "scientific

3. technical revolution?

4. Why do we say that science today has become directly

5. productive force"?

How do you understand this expression?

DURING THE CLASSES

1. Learning new material

A) The concept of scientific and technological revolution.

The development of human civilization is closely connected with scientific and technological progress. Scientific and technological progress ensures the progressive development of the productive forces of society. Against the background of this progress, there are "storms" and "onslaughts" in changing the forces of production.

Such was the period of industrial revolutions in a number of countries (in the 18th and 19th centuries), which marked the transition from manual labor to machine production.

Question for students:

Based on knowledge from previous courses in geography and history, explain:

Why was the formation of the world market, world trade associated with the Great geographical discoveries?

The beginning of the NTR period dates back to the middle of the 20th century.

Scientific and technological revolution is a radical qualitative revolution in the productive forces of mankind, based on the transformation of science into the direct productive force of society.

The most important economic indicator of scientific and technological revolution is the cost of R&D (research and development work). Their main share - 85% - falls on the USA, Japan, Germany, France, Great Britain. The absolute leader is the USA.

NTR is characterized by:

Firstly, versatility, inclusiveness.

It affected all countries of the world and all spheres of the geographical shell, outer space. Scientific and technological revolution transforms all branches of production, the nature of work, life, and the psychology of people.

Previously, the steam engine was considered a symbol of the scientific and technological revolution. For modern scientific and technological revolution, the symbol is a jet aircraft, a spaceship, a power plant, a computer, a TV set, etc. Thanks to scientific and technological revolution, the words appeared in our vocabulary: satellite, atom, robot.

Secondly, extraordinary acceleration of scientific and technological transformations.

In particular, it is expressed in the reduction of the "incubation" period between a scientific discovery and its introduction into production.

For 15-20 years, humanity has gone from launching the first artificial earth satellite to landing a man on the moon.

Mobility, constant updating of products have become an indispensable condition

development of most industries.

All this requires a lot of money.

Third: The scientific and technological revolution has increased the requirements for the level of qualification of labor resources.

The nature of labor is changing, its intellectualization is taking place.

What does it mean?

In all spheres of human activity, the share of mental labor is increasing.

All types of labor are transformed into highly skilled activities.

Fourth: Scientific and technological revolution is a military-technical revolution. military feature

modern scientific and technological revolution, its close connection with military production, is confirmed

world-famous explosion of the atomic bomb in Hiroshima in 1945.

Throughout the entire period of the Cold War, scientific and technological revolution was focused on

the use of the latest achievements of scientific and technical thought for military purposes.

But after the commissioning of the first nuclear power plant and the launch of the first artificial earth satellite

many countries are doing everything to direct the scientific and technological revolution to achieve peaceful

Interview with students:

1. The teacher offers to answer the question:

How do the concepts of "scientific and technological progress" and "scientific and technical progress" differ?

"revolution?"

2. Students, using notes in notebooks, highlight main features NTR.

1. Universality, inclusiveness.

2. Extraordinary acceleration of scientific and technological transformations.

3. Intellectualization.

4. Military-technical revolution

It is proposed to consider the schemes:

A) Reducing the time gap between a scientific discovery and its implementation in production.

(Appendix No. 1)

B) Technique of offshore oil and gas drilling.

(Appendix No. 2)

Considering the features of the NTR, we come to the conclusion:

Scientific and technological revolution is a single complex system in which:

1. Science 2. Engineering and technology 3. Production. 4. Management.

These are its constituent parts.

Let's get acquainted with each of them in detail:

1. Science: the growth of science intensity.

Science in the era of scientific and technological revolution is a complex set of knowledge. There are 5-6 million scientists in the world, i.e. 9/10 of our contemporaries.

The connections between science and production have grown, which are becoming more knowledge-intensive:

1st place in the number of scientists and engineers is occupied by: USA, Japan, countries Western Europe, Russia. Spending on science in these countries is 2-3% of GDP.

In developing countries, spending on science on average does not exceed 0.5% of GDP.

2. In the conditions of scientific and technological revolution, the development of technology and technology occurs in two ways:

a) evolutionary path

b) revolutionary way

The evolutionary path is to improve the already known technical

2. Integrated automation:

In the 1950s - the appearance of computers; in the 1970s - the emergence of microcomputers and microprocessors, a new era of robots begins.

The largest park of industrial robots is possessed by: Japan, USA, Germany, Italy, France.

3. Restructuring of the energy economy, based on energy supply, improving the structure of the fuel and energy balance, more widespread use new sources of energy.

This branch is most developed in the USA, France, Japan, Germany, Russia.

4. Production of new materials.

High requirements for old structural materials, as well as the emergence of new materials of the 20th century: (lithium, beryllium, titanium)

Titanium is a metal used in the aerospace industry.

5. Accelerated development of biotechnology.

This trend emerged in the 1970s. Biotechnology and the bioindustry belong to the more science-intensive newest branches of scientific and technological revolution. Especially successfully develop in the USA, Japan, Germany, France.

6. Cosmization.

The development of cosmonautics, the latest science-intensive industry - the aerospace industry.

Fourth component NTR - management.

The teacher invites students to remember the traditional ways to improve production:

this is mechanization, electrification, chemicalization.

Let's summarize:

Using your notes in notebooks, name 6 main directions of development

1. Electronization. 2. Integrated automation. 3. Restructuring of the energy sector. 4. Production of new materials. 5. Cosmization. 6. Accelerated development of biotechnology.

Question for students:

1. Do you use the Internet and for what purpose?

2. Using the table “the main parts of the scientific and technological revolution”, explain how the scientific and technological revolution affects the sectoral structure of the economy?

3. How does the scientific and technological revolution affect the territorial structure of the economy?

4. Why is the importance of the production sector of the economy increasing in the era of scientific and technological revolution?

When considering the characteristics and main features of the scientific and technological revolution, one cannot fail to note its impact on the world economy.

1. On the modern political map of the world, there are countries:

a) 230 c) 1000

b) 15O d) 2000

Answer: 230

2. An important role in the settlement of international conflicts is played by:

a) UN c) NATO

b) OPEC d) Red Cross

Answer : NATO

3. An example of the separation of a country and the formation of two or more states in its place can serve as:

a) Cuba c) Germany

b) Czechoslovakia d) Hungary

Answer: b

4. What form of government provides for the transfer of power by inheritance?

a) a republic c) a monarchy

b) federal republic d) difficult to answer

Answer: V

5. What is a federal state:

a) form of power

b) economic union

c) a form of government in which the state includes state entities with a certain legal and political independence.

d) a form of government in which the state consists of administrative units subordinate to the central government

Answer: V

6. What are the three main criteria used by the UN to identify the group of least developed countries in the world?

Answer: 1. GDP per capita of the country is less than $500

2. The share of the manufacturing industry in the country's GDP and in the country's exports - no more than 10%

3. About 80% of the adult population is illiterate

7. Define border :

Answer : establishment by agreement with neighboring states of the line defining the boundaries of the state territory.

UU 2 Grade 10

Control test slice of knowledge on the topic "Political map of the world"

1. The largest number of developing countries are located:

a) Asia, Latin America, Africa, Oceania

b) Southeast Asia,

c) Central and South Africa

d) Australia and Oceania

Answer: A

2. NATO expansion to the East is a complex military-political problem for:

a) Estonia and Latvia

b) Russia

c) Poland and Hungary

d) Czech Republic and Slovakia

Answer: b

3. Throughout the entire post-war period, the main "hot spot" of the planet remains:

a) USA c) Middle East

b) Equatorial Africa d) Russia

Answer: V

4. Which of the following states is a theocratic monarchy:

b) Belgium d) Great Britain

Answer: A

5. The form of government, in which the territory of the country includes self-governing state formations, is called ...

a) a federation c) a unitary state

b) monarchy d) republic

Answer: A

6. List the countries that are part of the European Union (EU), what are the goals of creating and problems of the union?

Answer: European Union (EU) - Austria, Belgium, Great Britain, Greece, Denmark, Ireland, Spain, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Finland, France, Germany, Sweden

Goals: 1. a single market for goods, services, capital and labor.

2.transition from economic to political integration, the introduction of a unified financial and military system.

3.general norms of jurisprudence and social norms

4. abolition of intra-regional customs barriers

7. Define:

the political and geographical position of the country is place of the country on the political map of the world, connection with other states and international unions.

UU 3 10 class

Control test slice of knowledge on the topic "Political map of the world"

1. Determine the absolute monarchy among the listed countries:

a) Denmark c) Morocco

b) Oman d) Netherlands

Answer: b

2. A high level of economic and social development of the country is characterized primarily by:

a) population c) population density

b) GDP per capita d) prices of newspapers and magazines

Answer: b

3. The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (1970) legalized the existence of five nuclear countries:

a) USA, Russia, Pakistan, India, Israel

b) USA, Russia, UK, France, China

c) USA, Russia, Japan, Brazil, South Africa

Answer: b

4. The form of government, in which there are no self-governing state entities within the state, is called ...

a) a federal state c) a unitary state

b) monarchy d) republic

Answer: V

5. What features of the political and geographical position have turned the Persian Gulf into a "hot spot" of the planet?

a) reasons of national-ethnic character

2) Pakistan, Sudan 5) Uzbekistan, Tajikistan

3) Italy, USA 6) USA, China

4. Indicate the four states that occupy the leading place in the world in terms of iron ore reserves:

1) Austria 5) Russia

2) Brazil 6) USA

3) Canada 7) Algeria

4) India 8) France

5. Highlight four states that occupy a leading position in the world in the extraction of iron ore:

1) Australia 5) Germany

2) China 6) USA

3) Egypt 7) Russia

4) Brazil 8) Sweden

6. Name the four states that are the world's largest exporters of iron ore:

1) Russia 5) Australia

2) Germany 6) Brazil

3) South Africa 7) Canada

4) Hungary 8) Japan

7. Select the industry that contributes the most to climate warming on the planet:

1) Mechanical engineering 4) Production of building materials

2) Petrochemistry 5) Ferrous metallurgy

3) Energy 6) Food industry

8. Find the only correct combination of the country and the type of power plants prevailing in it (by share of electricity generation):

1) Russia – thermal power plants

2) Germany - hydroelectric power plants

3) France - thermal power plants

4) USA - hydroelectric power plants

9. The highest growth rates of production are observed:

1) In the textile industry

2) In the forest industry

3) In electronic engineering

4) In the coal mining industry

10. The fishing industry is an industry of international specialization:

1) in the Czech Republic 3) in Norway

2) in Hungary 4) in Luxembourg

UU-3 Test tasks in geography

Section: "World Economy"

Industry

1. The main factor in the placement of industrial production in the era of scientific and technological revolution is:

1) Raw material c) Transport

2) knowledge-intensive d) Consumer

2. Leading countries in steel smelting:

1) Norway, Finland, Denmark

2) Japan, USA, China

3) Mexico, Argentina, Brazil

4) Spain, Portugal, Greece

3. The largest amount of electricity in the world is produced by:

1) in India 3) in Pakistan

2) in Bangladesh 4) in Laos

4. In the world diamond production, 90% is accounted for by:

1) Among the fuel minerals, the largest reserves of oil in the world

2) Most of the coal reserves are in the southern hemisphere

3) Almost all fossil fuels are classified as renewable

4) Coal and oil and gas basins are of sedimentary origin

5) Most of the oil reserves are in developed countries

9. "Copper belt" is called:

1) Mediterranean coast of Africa

2) Zambia and southern Zaire

3) Mountainous regions of Chile, Peru, Ecuador

4) Coast of the Gulf of Guinea

5) States of Southeast Asia

10. What is common in the specialization of the industry of the central part of Russia, Nauru, Estonia, Morocco, Chile, Kazakhstan, Togo, Jordan? Continue answer:

mining (phosphorites) _______________________________________________________________

At the present stage, the scientific and technological revolution (STR) causes profound changes in the structure of productive forces, inter- and intra-industry proportions in the national economies of an ever-growing number of countries and the world economy as a whole. The strategy of industrial sectors, on which the economic power of the leading countries of the world has been based for a long time, the movement of a number of traditional industrial productions from industrial countries to new areas of the world, an increase in the share of science-intensive products and various kinds of services, all these processes lead to dynamic and profound changes in the world economy, MRI , the world market, which determine their quality features at the turn of the third millennium.

The growing impact of scientific and technological revolution is experienced by the general conditions of production and the sphere of personal consumption. In the 1950s and 1960s, the role of "locomotives" of economic growth, the development of science and technology in the world was played by automobile, aircraft, shipbuilding and industries related to them in complex (metallurgy, road construction, extractive industries). A common feature of their development is the orientation towards the mass production of standard products using highly specialized equipment, the use of automatic lines with a rigid specialization and, accordingly, the standardization of consumption. The development of material- and energy-intensive industries, cost reduction was achieved mainly due to the growth of the scale of production.

The new technological base, the availability of information from the beginning of the 80s are changing the conditions of production and consumption. The individualization of demand, the growth in the saturation of mass needs, the shortening of the time for satisfying demand, the constant threat of overproduction, a number of socio-economic factors - all this has sharply increased the role of consumer demand as an incentive for the qualitative development of production and services. Or otherwise, the formation of directions of technical progress, the ultimate efficiency of material and spiritual production.

Modern modular multi-purpose equipment allows increasing the flexibility of production programs, optimizing the combination of large and small production, making it efficient to simultaneously produce many modifications of one product, designed to increase the degree and speed of meeting the increasingly differentiating demand in a particular market or segment. This new trend has a universal meaning: as a result, cost reduction is associated not so much with economies of scale, but with economies of variety or optimal variation of scale.

New technologies bring into action qualitatively new economic ties: they are aimed at saving resources, individualization and specialization of production and consumption. The cumulative result of new connections goes not so much along the cost chain, but along the axis of the growing effect of their application. The chain reaction here has the effect of saving all kinds of resources. Increasing the role of consumers in the "producer-consumer" system results in the implementation of a set of organizational and managerial measures at the corporate level of a marketing nature (strengthening the connection between research and development work and production activities with marketing policy, preliminary identification and assessment of consumer capabilities, focus on satisfaction of a narrow specific demand).

The use of new technologies affects world economic relations. The established nature of MRI is changing as the latest forms of automation deprive developing countries in a growing number of economic activities of part of the benefits associated with the presence of a large cheap labor force, which affects the traditional incentives for capital outflow. They are shifting from savings on labor costs to savings on the costs associated with lower standards for environmental cleanliness and labor safety, which developing countries go to in order to industrialize their national economies. In addition to the export of goods and capital, industrialized countries are increasingly using the export of scientific and technical information and scientific and technical services as a "ram" of great punch to establish and expand their positions in the world market.

Thus, the modern world is rapidly moving towards a new, synthesized model of development. It is characterized not only by a qualitative renewal of the technological base of production, the widespread introduction of resource and energy-saving technologies, but also by fundamentally important shifts in the structure, content and nature of production and consumption processes. The world community is gradually overcoming the "struggle between the two systems" syndrome. But the demolition of the bipolar model of international relations revealed another most acute conflict in the world - between the central (North) and peripheral parts (South) in the structure of the world economy. The problem of survival makes necessary the organic integration of these two parts on the basis of their mutual adaptation and active connections.

Of great importance for a correct understanding of the processes observed in public life, has an analysis of the modern scientific and technological revolution.

- this is a qualitative transformation, the transformation of science into a productive force and, corresponding to this, a radical change in the material and technical base of social production, its form and content, nature, .

affects the entire structure of production and the person himself. The main features of the scientific and technological revolution:

• universality - covers almost all sectors of the national economy and affects all spheres of human activity;
• rapid development of science and technology;
• a change in the role of a person in the production process - in the process of the scientific and technological revolution, the requirements for the level of qualification increase, the share of mental labor increases.

The modern scientific and technological revolution is characterized by the following changes in the sphere of production:

Firstly, the conditions, nature and content of labor are changing due to the introduction of the achievements of science into production. Machine-automated labor is replacing the former types of labor. The introduction of automatic machines significantly increases labor productivity, removing from production restrictions in speed, accuracy, continuity, etc., associated with the psychophysiological properties of a person. This changes the place of man in production. A new type of connection "man-technique" is emerging, which does not limit the development of either man or technology. In the conditions of automated production, machines produce machines.

Secondly, new types of energy are beginning to be used - nuclear, sea ebb, earth's interior. going on qualitative change use of electromagnetic and solar energy.

Third natural materials are replaced by artificial ones. Plastics and PVC products are widely used.

Fourth production technology is changing. For example, the mechanical effect on the object of labor is replaced by a physical and chemical effect. In this case, magnetic-impulse phenomena, ultrasound, super frequencies, electro-hydraulic effect, different kinds radiation, etc.

Modern technology is characterized by the fact that cyclic technological processes are increasingly being replaced by continuous flow processes.

New technological methods also impose new requirements on the tools of labor (increased accuracy, reliability, the ability to self-regulate), on the objects of labor (precisely specified quality, a clear mode of supply, etc.), on working conditions (strictly specified requirements for illumination, temperature regime in the premises, their cleanliness, etc.).

Fifth, the nature of control changes. The use of automated control systems changes the place of a person in the system of management and production control.

At sixth, the system of generation, storage and transmission of information is changing. The use of computers significantly accelerates the processes associated with the development and use of information, improves the methods of making and evaluating decisions.

Seventh, the requirements for professional training of personnel are changing. The rapid change in the means of production poses the task of constant professional improvement, raising the level of skills. Professional mobility and a higher level of morality are required from a person. The number of intelligentsia is growing, the requirements for its professional training are increasing.

Eighth, a transition is made from extensive to intensive development of production.

Development of engineering and technology in the conditions of scientific and technological revolution

In the conditions of the scientific and technological revolution, the development of technology and technology occurs in two ways:

• evolutionary;
• revolutionary.

evolutionary path consists in the constant improvement of technology and technology, as well as in magnification power productivity of machinery and equipment, in growth carrying capacity of vehicles, etc. Thus, in the early 1950s, the largest offshore tanker could hold 50,000 tons of oil. In the 1970s, supertankers with a carrying capacity of 500,000 tons or more began to be produced.

revolutionary path is the main through the development of engineering and technology in the era of the scientific and technological revolution and consists in the transition to a fundamentally new technique and technology. The revolutionary path is the main path for the development of engineering and technology in the era of scientific and technological revolution.

Manufacturing process automation

Technology in the period of the scientific and technological revolution enters a new stage of its development - automation stage.

The transformation of science into a direct productive force And production automation- This the most important characteristics of the scientific and technological revolution. They change the relationship between man and technology. Science plays the role of a generator of new ideas, and technology acts as their material embodiment.

Scientists divide the process of production automation into a number of stages:

• The first is characterized by the spread of semi-automatic mechanics. The worker supplements the technological process with intellectual and physical strength (loading, unloading machines).
• The second stage is characterized by the appearance of machine tools with program control based on computer equipment of the production process.
• The third stage is connected with the complex automation of production. This stage is characterized by automated workshops and automatic plants.
• The fourth stage is the period of completed automation of the economic complex, which becomes a self-regulating system.

The foregoing indicates that the scientific and technological revolution is expressed in qualitative transformation of the life support system of people.

The scientific and technological revolution transforms not only the sphere of production, but also changes the environment, life, settlement and other areas of public life.

Characteristic features of the course of the scientific and technological revolution:

• First, the scientific and technological revolution is accompanied by the concentration of capital. This is explained by the fact that the technical re-equipment of enterprises requires the concentration of financial resources and their significant costs.
• Secondly, the process of the scientific and technological revolution is accompanied by a deepening division of labor. Thirdly, the growth of the economic power of firms leads to an increase in their influence on political power.

The implementation of the scientific and technological revolution has some Negative consequences in the form of increasing social inequality, increasing pressure on the natural environment, increasing the destructiveness of wars, reducing social health, etc.

One of the most important social tasks is the implementation of the need to maximize the positive consequences of the scientific and technological revolution and reduce the volume of its negative consequences.

3. The impact of the scientific and technological revolution on the world economy

By the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. fundamentally changed the foundations of scientific thinking; natural science is flourishing, a unified system of sciences is being created. This was facilitated by the discovery of the electron and radioactivity

A new scientific revolution took place, which began in physics and covered all the main branches of science. It is represented by M. Planck, who created the quantum theory, and A. Einstein, who created the theory of relativity, which marked a breakthrough into the microworld.

At the end of the XIX-beginning of the XX centuries. the connection between science and production has become more stable and systematic; a close relationship between science and technology is established, which determines the gradual transformation of science into the direct productive force of society. If until the end of the nineteenth century. science remained “small” (a small number of people were employed in this area, then at the turn of the 20th century the method of organizing science changed - large scientific institutes, laboratories equipped with a powerful technical base arose. This area has increased, special links of research activity have arisen, the task of which was to bring theoretical solutions to technical implementation as soon as possible, including experimental design, industrial research, technological, experimental, etc.

The process of revolutionary transformations in the field of science then embraced technique and technology.

First World War caused a huge development of military technology. Thus, the second scientific and technological revolution covered various areas of industrial production. It surpassed the previous era in terms of the pace of technological progress. At the beginning of the XIX century. the order of inventions was calculated in two-digit numbers, in the era of the second scientific and technological revolution - four-digit, i.e., in thousands. Largest number inventions were patented by the American T. Edison (more than 1000).

By its nature, the second scientific and technological revolution differed from the industrial revolution of the 18th-19th centuries. If the industrial Persian gate led to the formation of machine industry and a change in the social structure of society (the formation of two new classes - the bourgeoisie and the working class) and the establishment of the domination of the bourgeoisie, then the second scientific and technological revolution did not affect the type of production and social structure and the nature of socio-economic relations. Its results are changes in engineering and production technology, the reconstruction of the machine industry, the transformation of science from small to large. Therefore, it is called not the industrial revolution, but the scientific and technological one.

There was not only diversification of industries, but also sub-sectors. This can be seen on the structure, for example, mechanical engineering. The transport engineering (production of locomotives, automobiles, aircraft, river and sea vessels, trams, etc.) declared itself in full force. During these years, such a branch of mechanical engineering as the automotive industry developed most dynamically. The first cars with a gasoline engine began to be created in Germany by K. Benz and G. Daimler (November 1886). but soon they had foreign competitors. If the first car at the G. Ford plant in the USA was produced in 1892, then by the beginning of the 20th century this enterprise was producing 4 thousand cars a year.

The rapid development of new branches of engineering caused a change in the structure of ferrous metallurgy - the demand for steel increased and the rate of its smelting significantly exceeded the increase in pig iron production.

Technical shifts of the late XIX-early XX centuries. and the outstripping development of new industries predetermined the change in the structure of world industrial production. If BEFORE the start of the second scientific and technological revolution, the share of industries of group “B” (production of consumer goods) dominated in the total volume of output, then as a result of the second scientific and technological revolution, the share of industries of group “A” (production of means of production, industries of heavy industry) increased. This led to the fact that the concentration of production increased, large enterprises began to predominate. In turn, large-scale production needed large capital investments and necessitated the pooling of private capital, which was carried out by the formation of joint-stock companies. The completion of this chain of changes was the creation, the formation of monopolistic unions, i.e. monopolies both in the field of production and in the field of capital (financial sources).

Thus, as a result of the changes in technology and production technology and the development of the productive forces caused by the second scientific and technological revolution, material prerequisites were created for the formation of monopolies and the transition of capitalism from the industrial stage and free competition to the monopolistic stage. Contributed to the process of monopolization and economic crises that regularly occurred at the end of the XIX century, as well as the beginning of the XX century. (1873,1883,1893, 1901-1902, etc.). Since it was primarily small and medium-sized enterprises that perished during crises, this contributed to the concentration and centralization of production and capital.

Monopoly as a form of organization of production and capital in the late XIX - early XX centuries. took a dominant position in the socio-economic life of the leading countries of the world, although the degree of concentration and monopolization by country was not the same; were different prevailing forms of monopolies. As a result of the second scientific and technological revolution, instead of an individual form of ownership, the main one becomes joint-stock, in agriculture - farming; develops cooperative, as well as municipal.

On this historical stage the leading place in the world in industrial development is occupied by the young capitalist countries - the USA and Germany, Japan is advancing significantly, while the former leaders - England and France are lagging behind. The center of world economic development, in the transition to the monopoly stage of capitalism, shifts from Europe to North America. The first power in the world economic development became the United States of America.

The rapid development of science, starting from the end of the 19th century, led to a significant number of discoveries of a fundamental nature, which laid the foundation for new directions of scientific and technological progress.

In 1867, in Germany, W. Siemens invented an electromagnetic generator with self-excitation, which can receive and generate electric current by rotating a conductor in a magnetic field. In the 70s. The dynamo was invented, which could be used not only as a generator of electricity, but also as an engine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. In 1883 T. Edison (USA) created the first modern generator. In 1891, Edison created a transformer. The most successful invention was the multi-stage steam turbine by the English engineer C. Parsons (1884)

Of particular importance are internal combustion engines. Models of such engines running on liquid fuel (gasoline) were created in the mid-80s by German engineers Daimler and K. Benz. These engines were used by motorized trackless vehicles. In 1896-1987. German engineer R. Diesel invented an internal combustion engine with a high efficiency.

The invention of the incandescent lamp belongs to Russian scientists: A.N. Lodygin (an incandescent lamp with a carbon rod in a glass flask.

The inventor of the telephone was the American A. G. Bell, who received the first patent in 1876. One of the most important achievements of the second scientific and technological revolution was the invention of the radio.

At the beginning of the XX century. Another branch of electrical engineering was born - electronics. Technical innovations were introduced in metallurgy, and metallurgy technology achieved tremendous success.

Characteristic is the penetration and organization of chemical methods of processing raw materials in almost all branches of production.

Before the First World War, synthetic gasoline was obtained

Among the most important inventions of this time are the Singer sewing machine, rotary printing machine, Morse telegraph, revolving, grinding, milling machine, McCormick's mower, Heirem's combined thresher-window fan.

At the end of the XIX-beginning of the XX centuries. there have been structural changes in the industry:

Structural changes in the economies of individual countries: the creation of large-scale machine production, mainly heavy industry over light industry, the provision of an advantage for industry over agriculture;

New branches of industry are emerging, old ones are being modernized;

The share of enterprises in the production of gross national product (GNP) and national income is increasing;

There is a concentration of production - there are monopolistic associations;

The formation of the world market is completed at the end of the 19th - at the beginning of the 20th century;

The unevenness in the development of individual countries is deepening;

Interstate contradictions are sharpened.

Scientific and technological revolution led to the emergence of many new branches of industrial production, which history did not know. These are electrical, chemical, oil, oil refining and petrochemical, automotive industry, aircraft construction, production of Portland cement and reinforced concrete, etc.

Bibliography

1. Course of Economics: Textbook. - 3rd ed., add. / Ed. B.A. Raizberg: - M.: INFRA - M., 2001. - 716 p.

2. Course economic theory: Textbook. allowance / Ed. prof. M.N. Chepurina, prof. E.A. Kiseleva. - M.: Ed. "ASA", 1996. - 624 p.

3. History of the world economy: Textbook for universities / Ed. G.B. Polyak, A.N. Markova. - M.: UNITI, 1999. -727s

4. Fundamentals of economic theory: political and economic aspect. Assistant. / G.N. Klimko, V.P. Nesterenko. - K., Vishcha school, 1997.

5. Mamedov O.Yu. Modern economy. - Rostov n / D .: "Phoenix", 1998.-267p.

6. Economic history: Textbook / V.G. Sarychev, A.A. Uspensky, V.T. Chuntulov - M., Higher School, 1985 -237 -239p.

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