Presentation of St. Augustine and his teachings. Presentation on social science "the teachings of Aurelius Augustine". §2. Philosophical views of Aurelius Augustine
Augustine "Blessed" Aurelius (354-430)
Roman Christian philosopher, theologian, sage. A native of Numidia (in ancient times, a region in North Africa (the modern northern part of Tunisia and Algeria)). Was one of key figures in the history of European philosophy. He came from a poor provincial family and in his youth was influenced by his Christian mother. Having been educated in Madavra and Carthage, he chose the career of a professional rhetorician (orator). In 383 moved to Rome, but soon got a job as a rhetorician in Milan, where he met Bishop Ambrose and began to study the writings of the Neoplatonists and the epistles of the Apostle Paul. In the spring of 387 he was baptized. A year later he returned to North Africa: from 391. - presbyter, and from 395 until his death - bishop of the city of Hippo. One of the most influential fathers christian church. St. Augustine. Fresco in the Chapel of Sancta Sanctorum in Laterano. 6th century
His legacy in theology and criticism is truly enormous. The most famous is the autobiographical work "Confession", which marked the beginning of the confessional genre. Augustine is called "blessed" by Catholic theologians. As a theologian and writer, he had a strong influence on the design of the entire dogma of Catholicism. The most famous works: “On Christian Doctrine”, “On the City of God”. The teachings of Augustine became an irrefutable authority in the Middle Ages. Benozzo Gozzoli. St. Augustine teaches in Rome. 1464-1465
Augustine the Blessed is the founder of the Christian philosophy of history (a branch of philosophy designed to answer questions about the objective laws and spiritual and moral meaning of the historical process). The following main provisions of the philosophy of Augustine the Blessed can be singled out: the course of history, the life of society is the struggle of two opposite kingdoms - the Earthly (sinful) and the Divine; The earthly kingdom is embodied in state institutions, power, army, bureaucracy, laws, emperor; The divine kingdom is represented by clergy - special people endowed with grace and close to God, who are united in the Christian Church; The earthly kingdom is mired in sins and paganism and will sooner or later be defeated by the Divine kingdom; Botticelli. "St. Augustine"
Due to the fact that most people are sinful and far from God, secular (state) power is necessary and will continue to exist, but will be subordinate to spiritual power; kings and emperors must express the will of the Christian Church and obey it, as well as directly to the Pope; The Church is the only force capable of uniting the world; poverty, dependence on others (usurers, landowners, etc.), submission are not pleasing to God, but as long as these phenomena exist, one must put up with them and endure, hope for the best; the highest bliss is the happiness of a person, which was understood as a deepening in oneself, learning, understanding of the truth; after death, the righteous as a reward from God receive for the grave life. Saint Augustine and Saint Monica
A special place in the philosophy of St. Augustine is occupied by reflections on God: God exists; the main proofs of the existence of God are his presence in everything, omnipotence and perfection; everything - matter, soul, space and time - are creations of God; God not only created the world, but also continues to create at the present time, will create in the future; knowledge (feelings, thoughts, sensations, experience) are real and self-sufficient (self-reliant), but the highest, true, irrefutable knowledge is achieved only when God is known.
The significance of the philosophy of Augustine the Blessed is that they: paid great attention to the problem of history (a rarity for that time); The Church (often subject to the state and persecuted in the Roman Empire) is also declared an authority along with the state (and not an element of the state); the idea of the dominance of the Church over the state, and the Pope of Rome - over the monarchs, is substantiated - the main idea, for the promotion of which and its subsequent embodiment in reality, the Catholic Church honored and idolized St. Augustine, especially in the Middle Ages; the idea of social conformism was put forward (humility with poverty and foreign power), which was also extremely beneficial for both the Church and the state; a person was sung, his beauty, strength, perfection, godlikeness (which was also a rarity for that time and suited everyone); at the same time, a person was recommended to mortify the flesh, develop and elevate the spirit, know God and completely submit to God.
St. Augustine. Fresco in the Chapel of Sancta Sanctorum in Laterano. VI century Roman-Christian philosopher, theologian,
sage. A native of Numidia (in ancient times
region in North Africa (modern
northern part of Tunisia and Algeria)). was
one of the key figures in history
European philosophy. came from
poor provincial family and
In his youth, he was influenced by his Christian mother.
Educated in Madavra and
Carthage, chose a career
professional rhetor (orator).
In 383 moved to Rome, but soon received
place of rhetorician in Milan, where he met
Bishop Ambrose and began to study
neoplatonist writings and epistles
apostle Paul.
In the spring of 387 he was baptized. In a year
returned to North Africa: from 391g. -
presbyter, and from 395 until death -
Bishop of Hippo. One of the most
influential fathers of the Christian Church.
Benozzo Gozzoli. St. Augustine teaches in Rome. 1464-1465
Benozzo Gozzoli. St.Augustine teaches in Rome.
1464-1465
His legacy to
theology and criticism
truly huge.
Most famous
autobiographical
work "Confession",
initiating
confessional genre.
Augustine named
Catholic
theologians
"blessed". How
theologian and writer
had a strong influence
for the design of the entire
catholic dogma.
The most famous
works: "About
Christian
doctrine”, “About the city
God's."
Augustine's teaching became
irrefutable
authority in the era
middle ages.
Botticelli. "St. Augustine"
Botticelli. "St.Augustine"
Augustine the Blessed - the ancestor
Christian philosophy of history
(a branch of philosophy designed to answer
questions about objective regularities and
spiritual and moral sense of historical
process).
The following main
Augustine's philosophy
Blessed:
the course of history, the life of society is a struggle
two opposite kingdoms - Earthly
(sinful) and Divine;
The earthly realm incarnates in
government agencies, authorities,
army, bureaucracy, laws, emperor;
Divine Realm Represented
clergy - special people,
endowed with grace and close to God,
who are united in the Christian
Church;
The earthly kingdom is mired in sins and
paganism and sooner or later
defeated by Divine Realm;
Saint Augustine and Saint Monica
due to the fact that most peoplesinful and far from God, secular
(public) power is necessary and
will continue to exist, but will
subject to spiritual authority;
kings and emperors must express
will of the Christian Church and obey
to her, as well as directly to the Pope
Roman;
The Church is the only power capable of
unite the world;
poverty, dependence on others
(usurers, landowners, etc.),
submission is not pleasing to God, but as long as these
phenomena exist, with them it is necessary
reconcile and endure, hope for the best;
the highest bliss is the happiness of man,
which was understood as a deepening in oneself,
learning, understanding of the truth;
after death the righteous as a reward from
God receive the afterlife.
Saint Augustine and Saint
Monica Special place in philosophy
Augustine of the Blessed
engaged in contemplation of God:
God exists;
main evidence
God's existences are his
presence in everything, omnipotence
and perfection;
everything - matter, soul,
space and time is
creations of God;
God not only created the world, but also
continues to create
time will create in the future;
knowledge (feelings, thoughts,
sensations, experience) are real and
self-sufficient (self-reliant),
however, the highest, true, undeniable knowledge is attained
only by knowing God. Significance of Augustine's philosophy
Blessed in that they:
great attention
problem of history (a rarity for that
time);
Church (often subservient to
state and persecuted in the Roman Empire) is also declared
power along with the state (and
not an element of the state);
substantiated the idea of domination
Church over state, and Roman
Popes - above monarchs - main
idea, for the promotion of which and her
subsequent incarnation in
reality catholic church
honored and idolized Augustine
Blessed, especially in the middle
century;
put forward the idea of social
conformism (humility with poverty
and foreign power), which was also
extremely beneficial to both the Church and
the state;
the man was sung, his beauty,
power, perfection, godliness
(which was also rare for
time and suited everyone);
at the same time to a person
it was recommended to mortify the flesh,
develop and uplift the spirit,
know God and fully
obey God. Aphorisms:
"Let's believe if we can't
comprehend";
"Faith asks, reason reveals";
“All human troubles come from
that we enjoy what we should
use and use what
should be enjoyed";
“If there is no evil, then the very fear of evil
there is evil";
“Evil is also called that a person
does, and what he endures. First -
this is a sin, the second is a punishment. Human
does evil which he wills, and suffers evil,
which he does not want";
"Who hates the world? Those who tore apart
truth";
“Love for one’s neighbor is limited by
how much each person loves himself
myself";
"Love for the temporary can be banished,
only by feeling the sweetness of the eternal.
Dmitrieva Julia
The biography of Aurelius Augustine, the facts that influenced his worldview are considered.
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Municipal budgetary educational institution Gymnasium No. 14 Presentation on the topic: Augustine's teachings Completed by: Student of grade 10a Dmitrieva Yulia
The concept of patristics Patristics (from Greek πα τήρ, lat. pater - father) is the philosophy and theology of the church fathers, that is, the spiritual and religious leaders of Christianity until the 7th century. The teachings developed by the Church Fathers became fundamental to the Christian religious outlook. Patristics made a huge contribution to the formation of ethics and aesthetics of late antique and medieval society.
Augustine's patristics Augustine's patristics is his earthly life with the Truth, life and creativity in It and for It, the life of a person sharing the Truth, helping others to find It and accept it. "You created us for yourself, and our heart does not rest until it rests in You." With this formula, Augustine, at the beginning of his Confession, explains the origin and nature of not only his spiritual quest, but also the human philosophical quest in general.
Childhood of Augustine Augustine Aurelius was born in 354 in the African city of Tagaste, in Numidia, not far from Carthage.
Augustine's Acquaintance with Cicero's Work and with the Bible He felt his first serious attraction to philosophy as a result of his acquaintance with Cicero's now lost dialogue "Hortensias". Inspired by ancient philosophy, Augustine begins to search, and, among other books, reads the Bible. But the rhetorician, familiar with Aristotle and Plato, accustomed to the clear, conversational style of the ancient authors, was not ready for the perception of a text that was not very clearly written and contradictory.
The dualistic sect of the Manichaeans Being unprepared for the perception of the Holy Scriptures, in Carthage, Augustine joined the dualistic sect of the Manichaeans, whose representatives professed duality of principles, that is, they attributed to the devil, or evil in general, an independent existence on a par with God.
Invitation to Mediolan In 384, Augustine was invited to Mediolan (now Milan) to head the court school of rhetoric there. Wanting to break with the Manichaean milieu, he gladly accepts this invitation. In 386, Latin translations of the Ennead by the Neoplatonist Plotinus fell into the hands of Augustine.
Moving to Hippo In 388, Augustine takes his second step in Christianity: he sells his parental estate and distributes money to the poor. The next step is to become a monk. After some time, he moved to Hippo and, having received the blessing of the bishop, founded a small monastery.
Augustine's teachings In the first years of his bishopric, he wrote the most fundamental works of a theological nature: an exposition of Christian dogma "On the Trinity", an interpretation on the book of Genesis, "On the City of God" (Augustine's largest treatise in terms of volume, devoted to the theological understanding of history and sociological problems, from which Christian philosophy of history began), as well as "Confession".
Death of Augustine Augustine died in 430 during the siege of Hippo by the Vandals. And in 1928, Pope Boniface VIII officially declared him a teacher of the church.
The Philosophy of Augustine The philosophy of Augustine is often called Christian Platonism. Looking at history ancient philosophy(mainly in the work "On the City of God"), he recognizes Platonism as its greatest achievement. In general, in the "City of God" Augustine quotes about 40 ancient authors, which indicates his excellent knowledge of all ancient philosophy, which, as shown above, played a crucial role in his spiritual development.
Concerning the subject of their philosophical studies Augustine wrote: "I desire to know God and the soul, and absolutely nothing else." It is to this topic that his most inspired and capacious philosophical postulates and formulas are devoted: "God, without changing, creates the changing, out of time creates the temporary." "Holy God! You did not create the earth and the sky out of Yourself, otherwise they would be like You. However, there was nothing outside of You from which You could create them. Therefore, You created them out of nothing." "There is something in a man that the human spirit itself, which lives in him, does not know." "The image of God - this indestructible property of man - is, in fact, not in the external, but in the internal man, not in the body, but in the immortal rational soul." "You, O God, breathed into the bodily structure of man a living soul that moves and governs." "What are we made of? Spirit and body. Which one is better? Spirit, of course." "Reason is the soul, or it is in the soul." "Reason is the gaze of the soul, by which it itself, without the mediation of the body, contemplates the true."
The Augustinian apologia for traditional Christian ideas about the creation of the world was founded. After all, even when discussing time, St. Augustine remains true to his formula of knowledge - and here he tries to know God and the soul and poses bold theological questions: could God create this world earlier or later than he created it? what did God do before he created the world? How does God relate to the concepts of time and eternity? The world was not created in current time, Augustine answers, but time begins to flow from the creation of the world. God is in eternity, and therefore temporary concepts are not applicable to it: "earlier", "later". It is unlawful to ask God what he did when the world did not exist.
References 1. Augustine Aurelius On the city of God // Blessed. Augustine. Creations. Brussels: Life with God, 1974. Book. 10, part 3 (Repr. ed. Kyiv, 1906) 2. Aurelius Augustine. Confession. M.: Enlightenment, 1991
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Description of the presentation Presentation of Augustine the Blessed by slides
August n Blessed ei - Bishop of Hippo, philosopher, most influential preacher, Christian theologian and politician. A saint of the Catholic and Orthodox churches (at the same time, in Orthodoxy it is usually referred to with the epithet blessed - Blessed Augustine, which, however, is only the name of a particular saint, and not a lower face than holiness, as this term is understood in Catholicism). One of the Fathers of the Christian Church, the founder of Augustinism. Founder of the Christian philosophy of history. The Christian Neoplatonism of Augustine dominated Western European philosophy and Catholic theology until the thirteenth century, when it was replaced by the Christian Aristotelianism of Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas. Some of the information about Augustine goes back to his autobiographical "Confessions" ("Confessiones"). His most famous theological and philosophical work- "About the City of God".
Through Manichaeism, skepticism and Neoplatonism, he came to Christianity, whose teaching on the fall into sin and pardon made a strong impression on him. In particular, he defends (against Pelagius) the doctrine of predestination: a person is predestined by God for a blessing or a curse, but it is done. According to them, according to the foreknowledge of human free choice - the desire for bliss, or the rejection of it. Human history, which Augustine sets out in his book "On the City of God", "the first world history", in his understanding is the struggle of two hostile kingdoms - the kingdom of the adherents of everything earthly, the enemies of God, that is, the secular world (civitas terrena or diaboli), and kingdom of God (civitas dei). At the same time, he identifies the Kingdom of God, in accordance with its earthly form of existence, with the Roman Church. Augustine teaches about the self-reliance of human consciousness (the basis of certainty is God) and the cognitive power of love. During the creation of the world, God laid in the material world in the embryo the forms of all things, from which they then independently develop. His memory is celebrated Catholic Church August 28, Russian Orthodox Church- June 15, old style.
Biography Augustine (Aurelius) was born on November 13, 354 in the African province of Numidia, in Tagaste (now Souq Ahras in Algeria). He owes his initial education to his mother, the Christian St. Monica, an intelligent, noble and pious woman, whose influence on her son, however, was neutralized by a pagan father (a Roman citizen, a small landowner). In his youth, Augustine showed no inclination towards the traditional Greek, but was subdued by Latin literature. After finishing school in Tagaste, he went to study at the nearest Cultural Center- Madavra. In the autumn of 370, thanks to the patronage of a family friend, Romanian, who lived in Tagaste, Augustine went to study rhetoric for three years in Carthage. At the age of 17, while in Carthage, Augustine entered into a relationship with a young woman who became his concubine for 13 years and whom he never married because she belonged to a lower social class. It was during this period that Augustine uttered his dictum: “Good God, give me chastity and moderation. . . But not now, oh God, not yet!” In 372, Augustine's son Adeodate was born in concubinage.
In 373, after reading Cicero's Hortensius, he began to study philosophy. Soon he joined the Manichean sect. At that time, he began to teach rhetoric, first in Tagaste, later in Carthage. In the Confessions, Augustine dwelled in detail on the nine years he wasted on the "husk" of the Manichaean teaching. In 383, even the spiritual Manichaean leader Faustus failed to answer his questions. In this year, Augustine decided to find a teaching position in Rome, but he spent only a year there and received a position as a teacher of rhetoric in Mediolanum. Having read some treatises of Plotinus in a Latin translation by the rhetorician Maria Victorina, Augustine became acquainted with Neoplatonism, which presented God as an immaterial transcendent Being. Having attended the sermons of Ambrose of Milan, Augustine understood the rational conviction of early Christianity. During the stay of Augustine in Milan in 384 - 388. his mother found a bride for her son, for which he left his concubine. However, he had to wait two years before the bride reached the required age, so he got another concubine. Ultimately, Augustine broke off his engagement to his 11-year-old fiancee, left a second concubine, and never rekindled a relationship with the first.
After that, he began to read the epistles of the Apostle Paul and heard from the vicar bishop Simplician the story of the conversion to Christianity, Maria Victorina. According to legend, once in the garden, Augustine heard the voice of a child, prompting him to randomly open the epistles of the Apostle Paul, where he came across the Epistle to the Romans (13: 13). After that, he, together with Monica, Adeodates, brother, both cousins, friend Alipiy and two students, retired for several months to Kassitsiac, to the villa of one of his friends. Following the model of Ciceron's The Tusculan Discourses, Augustine composed several philosophical dialogues. On Pascha 387 he, together with Adeodates and Alipy, was baptized in Mediolanum and received baptism from the hand of Ambrose. After that, having previously sold all his property and almost completely distributed it to the poor, he went to Africa with Monica. However, Monica died in Ostia. Her last conversation with her son was well conveyed at the end of the Confession.
Part of the information about the later life of Augustine is based on the "Life" compiled by Possidia, who communicated with Augustine for almost 40 years. According to Possidia, on his return to Africa, Augustine settled again in Tagaste, where he organized a monastic community. During a trip to Hippo Rhegium, where there were already 6 Christian churches, the Greek Bishop Valerius willingly ordained Augustine as a presbyter, since it was difficult for him to preach in Latin. Not later than 395, Valery appointed him vicar bishop and died a year later. Augustine died on August 28, 430, during the first siege of Hippo by the Vandals. The remains of Augustine were transferred by his adherents to Sardinia in order to save them from the desecration of the Arians - the Vandals, and when this island fell into the hands of the Saracens, they were redeemed by Liutprand, king of the Lombards, and buried in Pavia in the church of St. Peter. In 1842, with the consent of the pope, they were again transported to Algeria and preserved there near the monument to Augustine, erected to him on the ruins of Hippo by the French bishops.
Stages of creativity The first stage (386-395) is characterized by the influence of ancient (predominantly Neoplatonic) dogmatics; abstraction and the high status of the rational: the philosophical "dialogues" "Against the academics" (that is, the skeptics, Contra academicos, 386), "On order" (De ordine, 386; the first work in which the rationale for seven liberal arts as a preparatory cycle for the study of philosophy), “Monologues” (Soliloquia, 387), “On the Blessed Life” (De Beata Vita, 386), “On the Quantity of the Soul” (388-389), “On the Teacher "(388-389), "On Music" (388-389; contains the famous definition of music Musica est ars bene modulandi with detailed interpretation; five of the six books, contrary to what the title promises, treat questions of ancient versification), On the Immortality of the Soul (387), On True Religion (390), On Free Will, or On Free Decision (388-395); cycle of anti-Manichaean treatises. Some of the works of the early period are also called Cassiciac, after the name of a country house near Mediolan (Cassiciacum, this place in present-day Italy is called Casciago), where Augustine worked in 386-388. The second stage (395-410) is dominated by exegetical and religious-church problems: "On the Book of Genesis", a cycle of interpretations to the epistles of the Apostle Paul, moral treatises and "Confession", anti-Donatist treatises. The third stage (410-430), questions about the creation of the world and problems of eschatology: a cycle of anti-Pelagian treatises and "On the City of God"; a critical review of his own writings in Revisions.
Augustine's Teaching About being God created matter and endowed it with various forms, properties and purposes, thereby creating everything that exists in our world. The deeds of God are good, and therefore everything that exists, precisely because it exists, is good. Evil is not a substance-matter, but a lack, its deterioration, vice and damage, non-existence. God is the source of being, pure form, the highest beauty, the source of goodness. The world exists thanks to the continuous creation of God, who regenerates everything that dies in the world. There can be no one world and several worlds. Matter is characterized in terms of form, measure, number and order. In the world order, every thing has its place.
God, the world and man Augustine reveals the essence of the relationship between God and man. God, according to Augustine, is supernatural. The world, nature and man, being the result of God's creation, depend on their Creator. If Neoplatonism considered God (the Absolute) as an impersonal being, as the unity of all that exists, then Augustine interpreted God as a person who created all that exists. And he deliberately made differences between the interpretations of God from fate and fortune. God is incorporeal, which means divine origin infinite and omnipresent. Having created the world, He made sure that order reigned in the world, and everything in the world began to obey the laws of nature. Man was created by God as a free being, but having fallen into sin, he himself chose evil and went against the will of God. This is how evil arises, this is how a person becomes unfree. Man is not free and unwilling in anything, he is wholly dependent on God. From the moment of the fall, people are predestined to evil and do it even when they strive to do good. The main goal of man is salvation before Last Judgment, redemption of the sinfulness of the human race, unquestioning obedience to the Church.
On grace The power that largely determines the salvation of man and his aspiration to God is divine grace. Grace acts on man and produces changes in his nature. Without grace, salvation is impossible. The free decision of the will is only the ability to strive for something, but a person is able to realize his aspirations for the better only with the help of grace. Grace in the view of Augustine is directly connected with the fundamental dogma of Christianity - with the belief that Christ has redeemed all mankind. This means that, by its nature, grace is universal and should be given to all people. But it is clear that not all people will be saved. Augustine explains this by the fact that some people are not able to receive grace. It depends, first of all, on the ability of their will. But as Augustine had to make sure, not all people who received grace were able to maintain "constancy in good". This means that another special divine gift is needed to help maintain this constancy. This gift Augustine calls "the gift of constancy." It is only by accepting this gift that the "called" will be able to become "chosen."
On freedom and divine predestination Before the fall, the first people had free will - freedom from external (including supernatural) causality and the ability to choose between good and evil. The limiting factor in their freedom was moral law- a sense of duty to God. After the fall, people lost their free will, became slaves to their desires, and could no longer help sinning. The atoning sacrifice of Jesus Christ helped people turn their eyes back to God. By his death, he showed an example of obedience to the Father, obedience to His will (“Not my will, but yours be done” Luke 22: 42). Jesus atoned for Adam's sin by accepting the Father's will as His own. Every person who follows the commandments of Jesus and accepts the will of God as his own saves his soul and is admitted to the Kingdom of Heaven. Predestination (Latin praedeterminatio) is one of the most difficult points religious philosophy connected with the question of divine properties, the nature and origin of evil, and the relation of grace to freedom. People are able to do good only with the help of grace, which is incommensurable with merit and is given to those who are chosen and predestined for salvation. However, people are morally free beings and can consciously prefer evil to good.
About eternity, time and memory Time is a measure of movement and change. The world is limited in space, and its existence is limited in time. Thinking about time, Augustine comes to the concept of psychological perception of time. Neither the past nor the future have a real existence - the real existence is inherent only in the present. The past owes its existence to our memory, and the future to our hope. The present is a rapid change in everything in the world: a person does not have time to look back, as he is already forced to remember the past, if at that moment he does not rely on the future. Thus, the past is a memory, the present is a contemplation, the future is an expectation or hope. At the same time, as all people remember the past, so some are able to "remember" the future, which explains the ability of clairvoyance. As a consequence, since time exists only because it is remembered, it means that things are necessary for its existence, and before the creation of the world, when there was nothing, there was no time. The beginning of the creation of the world is also the beginning of time. Time has duration, which characterizes the duration of any movement and change. Eternity - it neither was nor will be, it only is. In the eternal there is neither the transient nor the future. In eternity there is no variability and no intervals of time, since intervals of time consist of past and future changes in objects. Eternity is the world of thoughts-ideas of God, where everything is once and for all.
Good and evil - theodicy Speaking about the deeds of God, thinkers emphasized his all-goodness. But there is also evil in the world. Why does God allow evil? Augustine argued that everything created by God in one way or another is involved in the absolute goodness - the all-goodness of God: after all, the Almighty, carrying out creation, imprinted in the created a certain measure, weight and order; they have an extraterrestrial image and meaning. To the extent of this, there is goodness in nature, in people, in society. Evil is not some force that exists by itself, but a weakened good, a necessary step towards good. Visible imperfection is part of world harmony and testifies to the fundamental goodness of everything that exists: "Any nature that can become better is good." It also happens that the evil that torments a person eventually turns into good. So, for example, a person is punished for a crime (evil) in order to bring him good through redemption and pangs of conscience, which leads to purification. In other words, without evil we would not know what good is.
Cognition Man is endowed with mind, will and memory. The mind turns on itself the direction of the will, that is, it is always aware of itself, always desires and remembers: After all, I remember that I have memory, mind and will; and understand that I understand, desire and remember; and I wish that I had the will, understood and remembered. Augustine's assertion that the will participates in all acts of knowledge was an innovation in the theory of knowledge. Steps of knowing the truth: inner feeling - sensory perception. sensation - knowledge about sensible things as a result of reflection by the mind on sensory data. reason - a mystical touch to the highest truth - enlightenment, intellectual and moral perfection. Reason is the gaze of the soul, with which it itself, without the mediation of the body, contemplates the true. In the study of sciences, people are helped by authorities and reason. One should trust only the most excellent authorities and conduct one's life accordingly.
Augustine substantiated and justified the existence of property inequality of people in society. He argued that inequality is inevitable social life and it is senseless to strive for the equalization of wealth; it will exist in all the ages of man's earthly life. But still, all people are equal before God, and therefore Augustine called for living in peace. The state is the punishment for original sin; is a system of domination of some people over others; it is not intended for people to achieve happiness and good, but only for survival in this world. A just state is a Christian state. Functions of the state: ensuring law and order, protecting citizens from external aggression, helping the Church and fighting heresy. International treaties must be observed. Wars can be just or unjust. Fair - those that began for legitimate reasons, for example, the need to repel the attack of enemies. About society and history
In 22 books of his major work, The City of God, Augustine makes an attempt to embrace the world-historical process, to connect the history of mankind with the plans and intentions of the Divine. He develops the ideas of linear historical time and moral progress. Moral history begins with the fall of Adam and is seen as a progressive movement towards moral perfection acquired in grace. In the historical process, Augustine (18th book) singled out seven main eras (this periodization was based on facts from biblical history Jewish people): the first era - from Adam to the Great Flood the second - from Noah to Abraham the third - from Abraham to David the fourth - from David to the Babylonian captivity the fifth - from the Babylonian captivity to the birth of Christ the sixth - began with Christ and will end with the end of history in general and with the Last Judgment. seventh - eternity
Humanity in the historical process forms two "city": secular state- the kingdom of evil and sin (the prototype of which was Rome) and the state of God - the Christian church. “Earthly City” and “Heavenly City” are a symbolic expression of two types of love, the struggle of egoistic (“self-love, brought to neglect of God”) and moral (“love of God up to self-forgetfulness”) motives. These two cities develop in parallel through six epochs. At the end of the 6th era, the citizens of the “city of God” will receive bliss, and the citizens of the “earthly city” will be given over to eternal torment. Augustine Aurelius argued the superiority of spiritual authority over secular. Having adopted the Augustinian teaching, the church declared its existence an earthly part of God's city, presenting itself as the supreme arbiter in earthly affairs.
Influence on Christianity Augustine had a strong influence on the dogmatic side of Christian teaching. The impact of his sermons was felt over the next few centuries not only in the African, but also in the Western church. His controversy against the Arians, Priscillians, and especially against the Donatists and other currents, found many supporters. Augustine left numerous writings that had a significant impact on the anthropological side of the doctrine in Protestantism (Luther and Calvin). Developed the doctrine of St. Trinity, explored the relationship of man to divine grace. He considers the essence of Christian teaching to be the ability of a person to perceive God's grace, and this basic provision is also reflected in his understanding of other dogmas of faith. He founded several monasteries, some of which were later destroyed.
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