Renaissance Philosophy

Question 1. Prerequisites for the emergence and features of humanistic philosophy

Preconditions for the formation of humanistic philosophy :

improvement of labor tools and production relations;
the development of crafts and trade (the authority of the Italian city-republics);
strengthening cities, turning them into trade, craft, military, cultural and political centers, independent of the feudal lords and the Church;
strengthening, centralization of European states, strengthening secular power;

the appearance of the first parliaments;
lagging behind life, the crisis of the Church and scholastic (church) philosophy;
raising the level of education in Europe as a whole and the formation of a system of secular education;
great geographical discoveries (Columbus, Vasco da Gama, Magellan);
scientific and technical discoveries (invention of gunpowder, firearms, machine tools, blast furnaces, microscope, telescope, book printing, discoveries in the field of medicine and astronomy, other scientific and technical achievements).

Characteristic features of the philosophy of the Renaissance :

anthropocentrism and humanism - the predominance of interest in man, faith in his limitless possibilities and dignity;

secularization of public consciousness, opposition to the Church and church ideology (that is, the denial of not religion itself, God, but an organization that has made itself an intermediary between God and believers);

moving the main interest from the form of the idea to its content;

pantheism, and a fundamentally new, scientific and materialistic understanding of the surrounding world (sphericity, and not the plane of the Earth, the rotation of the Earth around the Sun, and not vice versa, the infinity of the Universe, new anatomical knowledge, etc.);

great interest in social problems, society and the state;

the triumph of individualism;

the widespread dissemination of the idea of social equality.

Question 2 The main directions of the philosophy of the Renaissance.

Main directions

direction

Humanism

Peculiarities:

Humanism as a philosophical trend became widespread in Europe in the 14th - mid-15th centuries. Italy was its center.
In its genre, humanistic philosophy merged with literature, was expounded allegorically and in artistic form.
Most famous philosophers-humanists were writers at the same time. They were primarily Dante Alighieri, Francesco Petrarca, Lorenzo Valla;
the desire to reduce the omnipotence of God and prove the self-worth of man;
anthropocentrism - special attention to man, the chanting of his strength, greatness, opportunities.

Dante Alighieri(1265 - 1321) - "Divine Comedy", "New Life"

In his writings, Dante:

sings of Christianity, but at the same time between the lines ridicules the contradictions and inexplicable dogmas of Christian teaching;
praises the person
departs from the interpretation of man solely as a divine creature;
recognizes for a person the presence of both the divine and the natural principles, which are in harmony with each other;
believes in the happy future of man, his initially good nature.

Francesco Petrarca(1304 - 1374) - "Book of Songs", "On Contempt for the World".

human life given once and unique;
man must live not for God, but for himself;
the human person must be free - both physically and spiritually;
man has the freedom of choice and the right to express himself in accordance with this;
a person can achieve happiness, relying only on himself and his strength, has sufficient potential for this;
the afterlife, most likely, does not exist and immortality can be achieved only in the memory of people;
a person should not sacrifice himself to God, but should enjoy life and love;
the outer appearance and inner world of man are beautiful.

Natural philosophy

The main features of natural philosophy:

substantiation of the materialistic view of the world;
the desire to separate philosophy from theology;
the formation of a scientific worldview, free from theology;
nomination new painting world (in which God, Nature and Cosmos are one, and the Earth is not the center of the Universe);
The most prominent representatives of the natural philosophy of the Renaissance were Leonardo da Vinci, Nicolaus Copernicus, Giordano Bruno, Galileo Galilei.

Nicholas Copernicus(1473 - 1543), based on astronomical research, put forward a fundamentally different picture of life:

The earth is not the center of the universe (geocentrism was rejected);
The Sun is the center in relation to the Earth (geocentrism was replaced by heliocentrism);
all cosmic bodies move along their own trajectory;
space is infinite;
the processes taking place in space are explainable from the point of view of nature and are devoid of "sacred" meaning.

Giordano Bruno(1548 - 1600) developed and deepened the philosophical ideas of Copernicus:

The Sun is the center only in relation to the Earth, but not the center of the Universe;
The universe has no center and is infinite;
The universe is made up of galaxies (clusters of stars);
stars - celestial bodies, similar to the Sun and having their own planetary systems;
the number of worlds in the universe is infinite;
all celestial bodies - planets, stars, as well as everything that is on them, have the property of motion;
there is no God separate from the Universe, the Universe and God are one.

Galileo Galilei(1564 - 1642) in practice confirmed the correctness of the ideas of Nicolaus Copernicus and Giordano Bruno:

invented the telescope and with its help explored celestial bodies;
proved that celestial bodies move not only along a trajectory, but also simultaneously around their axis;
discovered spots on the Sun and a diverse landscape (mountains and deserts - "seas") on the Moon;
discovered satellites around other planets;
studied the dynamics of falling bodies;
proved the plurality of worlds in the universe.

Utopian philosophy

Peculiarities:

the main attention is focused on the development of projects of an ideal state, where social contradictions would be destroyed and social justice would triumph;
these projects were far removed from reality and practically unrealizable;
the ideas of the utopian socialists reflected the desire to change the world, both in the Renaissance and in the future.
The greatest contribution to the development of the theory of utopian socialism was made by Thomas More and Tommaso Campanella.

Thomas More(1478 - 1535) "Utopia" (Greek - a place that is nowhere to be found) - a fictional island on which an ideal state is located.

does not exist private property ;
all citizens participate in productive labor;
labor is carried out on the basis of universal labor service;
all produced products (results of labor) become the property of society (public warehouses) and then are evenly distributed among all the inhabitants of Utopia:
due to the fact that everyone is busy with work, a short working day of six hours is enough to ensure Utopia;
people who have shown special abilities to the sciences;
the dirtiest work is done by slaves - prisoners of war and convicted criminals;
the primary cell of society is not a consanguineous family, but a "working family" (in fact, a work collective);
all officials are elected - directly or indirectly;
men and women have equal rights (as well as equal responsibilities);
residents believe in God, there is complete religious tolerance.

Tommaso Campanella(1568 - 1639) "City of the Sun".

absent private property ;
all citizens participate in productive work;
the results of labor become the property of the whole society, and then evenly distributed between its members;
work combined with simultaneous learning;
solarium life regulated down to the smallest detail, from getting up to going to bed;
solariums do everything together: go from work to work, work, eat, rest, sing songs;
great attention is paid education- from birth, the child is taken away from his parents and brought up in special schools, where he learns the sciences and learns to collective life, other rules of behavior of the City of the Sun;
at the head of the City of the Sun is a ruler for life (elected by solariums) - a Metaphysician, who owns all the knowledge of his era and all professions.

Political philosophy

Political philosophy explored the problems of managing a real-life state, methods of influencing people, and methods of political struggle.

A prominent representative of political philosophy was Niccolo Machiavelli(1469 - 1527) - Italian politician, philosopher and writer.

The philosophy of Machiavelli is based on the following main provisions:

man has an inherently evil nature;
the driving motives of human actions are selfishness and the desire for personal gain;
the coexistence of people is impossible if everyone pursues only their own selfish interests;
to curb the base nature of man, his egoism, a special organization is created - the state;

the ruler must lead the state, not forgetting the base nature of his subjects;
the ruler should look generous and noble, but not be so in reality, because when in contact with reality, these qualities will lead to the opposite result (the ruler will be overthrown by far from noble associates or opponents, and the treasury will be squandered);
in no case should the leader encroach on the property and privacy of people;
in the struggle for the liberation of the motherland from foreign domination for its independence, all means are permissible, including insidious and immoral.
The philosophy of Machiavelli became a guide to action for many politicians of both the medieval and subsequent eras. It was called Machiavellianism.

The Doctrine of Fortune

uncertainty life path person;
fortune - "external force" determines only half of a person's actions;
the other half is determined by him through the manifestation of free will, therefore the person himself is "the blacksmith of his own happiness."

Conclusions:

man began to be regarded as the creator of himself and master of the surrounding nature;
the active activity of a person began to be highly valued as his way of existing in the world (especially creative activity);
the formation of a cult of the bodily and spiritual beauty of man.

Historical types philosophy

Historical types of philosophy

Characteristic features

1) Philosophy of the ancient East

2) Ancient philosophy

3) Medieval philosophy

4) Renaissance philosophy

5) Philosophy of the new time

6) Philosophy of Enlightenment

8) Russian philosophy

9) Modern Philosophy

Historical types of philosophy and their representatives

Historical types of philosophy

Representatives

1) Philosophy of the ancient East

2) Ancient philosophy

3) Medieval philosophy

4) Renaissance philosophy

5) Philosophy of the new time

6) Philosophy of Enlightenment

7) Classical German philosophy

8) Russian philosophy

9) Modern Philosophy

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PLAN OF LECTURE №7 PHILOSOPHY OF THE RENAISSANCE

1. SPECIFICITY AND STAGES OF THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE RENAISSANCE.
2. DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE EPOCH
REVIVAL.
3. DIRECTIONS OF THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE RENAISSANCE.
4. PHILOSOPHY OF NICHOLAS OF CUSA.
5. PHILOSOPHY OF PICO DELLA MIRANDOLA.
6. PHILOSOPHY OF MICHEL DE MONTAIN.
7. THE PHILOSOPHY OF THOMAS MOR.
8. PHILOSOPHY OF MARTIN LUTHER.
9. THE PHILOSOPHY OF TOMMASSO CAMPANELLA.
10. PHILOSOPHY OF NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI.
11. PHILOSOPHY OF GIORDANO BRUNO.
12. RENAISSANCE LITERATURE: DANTE ALIGIERI,
FRANCESCO PETRARC.
RECOMMENDED LITERATURE.

1. SPECIFICITY AND STAGES OF THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE RENAISSANCE

REVIVAL, or RENAISSANCE (French Renaissance, Italian Rinascimento)
- a secular cultural era that came after the Middle Ages,
originated in Italy, and later in France, Germany, the Netherlands.
The term "RENAISSANCE" was first introduced by an Italian artist and
architect Giorgio Vasari in the book "Biographies of the most
famous painters, sculptors and architects" in 1550.
We are talking about the REVIVAL of ANTIQUE SCIENCES AND ART
after the long dominance of medieval culture.
CHRONOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE RENAISSANCE - XIV-XVI CENTURIES.
EPOCH PERIODS:
1. "EARLY RENAISSANCE" - in Italy, the period from 1420 to 1500
2. "HIGH REVIVAL" - in Italy, France from 1500 to 1580
3. "LATE REVIVAL" - in Italy from 1580 to the end of the 16th century.
3. "NORTHERN REVIVAL" - in the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark
Sweden from the lane. floor. 16th century

2. DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE RENAISSANCE

1.
ANTHROPOCENTRISM - the predominance of interest in a person,
faith in his limitless possibilities and dignity;
2. ANTICLERALISM (lat. clericalis - church) - a secular character
philosophy, the denial of not religion and God, but the church,
who made herself an intermediary between God and the believers;
3. HUMANISM (from lat. humanus - human) - recognition of value
person as a person. His rights to the manifestation of his abilities.
Renaissance humanism is a new worldview and social ideal.
4. Conversion and revival of ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY, science and art.
5. INDIVIDUALITY - the principle of the author's originality,
creative novelty.
6. Philosophical basis- HUMANIST NEOPLATONISM 6.1. PANTHEISM as a fundamentally new pantheistic world outlook;
6.2. Interest in social problems of society, the state.

3. DIRECTIONS OF THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE RENAISSANCE

Philosophy of Italian humanism.
Dante Alighieri (1265-1321)
Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374)
Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375)
Renaissance pantheism.
Nicholas of Cusa (1401-1464)
Philosophy of the Renaissance natural science.
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
Political philosophy
Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527)
naturalistic pantheism
Giordano Bruno (1548-1600)
Social utopianism
Thomas More (1478-1535)
Tommasso Campanella (1568-1639)

3. DIRECTIONS OF THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE RENAISSANCE

1. Humanistic (XIV - XV centuries), representatives: Pico della Mirandola, Dante
Alighieri, Francesco Petrarca, Lorenzo Valla) - put a person in the center of attention,
glorified his dignity, greatness ironically over the dogmas of the Church.
2. Neoplatonic (mid-15th - 16th centuries), whose representatives are Nicholas of Cusa,
Pico della Mirandola, Paracelsus - developed the teachings of Plato, tried
to know nature, Cosmos and man from the point of view of idealism.
3. Naturphilosophical (XVI - early XVII centuries), representatives: Nikolai Copernicus,
Giordano Bruno, Galileo Galilei, who tried to debunk the teachings of the Church about God,
Universe, Cosmos, based on astronomical and scientific discoveries.
4. Reformation (XVI - XVII centuries), whose representatives are Martin Luther, Thomas
Müntzer, John Calvin, Erasmus of Rotterdam - aspired radically
reconsider the church ideology and the relationship between believers and the Church.
5. Political (XV - XVI centuries), representative: Nicolo Machiavelli) - studied
problems of government, the behavior of rulers.
6. Utopian-socialist (XV - XVII centuries), representatives - Thomas More, Tommaso
Campanella) - was looking for ideal-fantastic forms of building a state,
based on the absence of private property and the universal equation.

4. PHILOSOPHY OF NICHOLAS OF CUSA

NIKOLAY
CUSAN
(1401-1464)
founder of mystical pantheism.
–
Theologian Philosopher,
cardinal,
Gave a new interpretation of being and knowledge:
1. There is no difference between God and His creation (that is, the world is one, and God and
the surrounding world, the Universe - one and the same);
2. "One" (God) and "infinite" (His creation) are related to each other as
minimum and maximum (opposites), and since God and His creation
coincide, then the minimum and maximum coincide: “Connect the visible
opposites in the unity that precedes them.
Based on this, Nicholas of Cusa deduced the law of coincidence
opposites: since opposites coincide, they coincide
form and matter (hence essence (essence) and existence (existence)
are inseparable and being is one).
The main work is the treatise "On learned ignorance" (1440).
Human knowledge is "knowledge of ignorance" or "scientific ignorance".
Impossible to achieve absolute (complete) knowledge, increasing knowledge
will only lead to scholarship, not true knowledge, but
"scientific ignorance" - the term of Nicholas of Cusa.

NICHOLAS OF CUZANSKY
fragment of the Crucifixion with the donor Nicholas
Kuzansky" by the master of the Life of Mary
LEONARDO BRUNI -
founder of the term "HUMANISM"
during the Renaissance.

5. PHILOSOPHY OF PICO dELLA MIRANDOLA

PICO DELLA MIRANDOLA - humanist philosopher, mastered the tradition of Aristotelianism.
Main labor- "900 Theses", an introduction to which
became "SPEECH ON THE Dignity of Man" the most famous Renaissance worldview.
Key Ideas:
1. elevate a person and separate from
the surrounding world, to recognize as a separate
reality (the "fourth world" of the cosmos,
along with elemental, celestial and
angelic);
2. to recognize complete freedom for a person
choice;
3. merge everything philosophical teachings and find
"golden mean" by harmonizing them.
PICO DELLA
MIRANDOLA
(1463-1494)

6. PHILOSOPHY OF MICHEL DE MONTAIN

MICHEL EICHEM DE MONTAIN - "French
Socrates". He entered the history of philosophy as a philosophical skeptic.
The main work is "EXPERIENCES" (books 1-3 - 1580-88).
In "Experience" the question of
human knowledge: criticizing prejudices, it is shown
historical relativity and variability of knowledge.
"PHILOSOPHY" IS TO DOUBT.
Experience serves as a teacher for Montaigne.
For the first time introduced the term "ESSAY", which was used
understanding of the term "experience".
The main ability to be
develop in the process of education is a judgment.
It arises in experience from the juxtaposition of reason
with reality.
He put reason above authority, custom and "immutable"
true He considered theology a false science, enslaving
intelligence. Denied the immortality of the soul and posthumous
retribution. Therefore, after the death of Montaigne in 1676, there was
included in the index of banned books by the Vatican.
Michel Eikem de
Montaigne
(1533-1592)

7. THE PHILOSOPHY OF THOMAS MORA

MOR THOMAS (1478-1535) - English humanist, statesman, one
one of the founders of UTOPISM, the forerunner of utopian socialism.
The main work is "Utopia" (1516) translated from Greek. - "Nowhere" or places,
which is not.
Main ideas of Utopia:
1. there is no private property;
2. all citizens participate in productive labor;
3. work is carried out on the basis of universal labor service;
4. all produced products become the property of the society
and then evenly distributed among all the inhabitants of Utopia;
5. enough short working day - six hours;
6. people who have shown special
aptitude for the sciences;
7. the dirtiest work is done by prisoners of war and convicted criminals;
8. the primary cell of society is not a consanguineous family,
and "working family" (labor collective);
9. all officials are elected - directly or indirectly;
10. men and women have equal rights.

G. Holbein. Portrait of THOMAS MOR (1527)

8. THE PHILOSOPHY OF MARTIN LUTHER

MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546) - German thinker, head of the German
Reformation, founder of German Protestantism - Lutheranism, one of
creators of the common German literary language.
October 31, 1517 on the door of the church in Wittenberg posted 95 theses against
trade in indulgences that marked the beginning of the Reformation.
The main works are “To the Christian nobility of the German nation”, “On freedom
Christian, "On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church", "On the Slavery of the Will".
Fundamental ideas of M. Luther:
1. Salvation is only by faith, grace and the Bible, which only God gives to a person ..
2. Between God and believers there should not be such an intermediary as the Catholic
Church;
3. The Church must become democratic, and the rites understandable to people;
4. The business of serving God is not only a profession that has been monopolized
the clergy, but also a function of the whole life of believing Christians;
5. It is necessary to free culture and education from the dominance of Catholic dogmas;
6. It is necessary to prohibit indulgences.
To guarantee freedom of conscience, to make the Bible accessible to everyone,
devoted 15 years to translating it into German.

MARTIN LUTHER

9. THE PHILOSOPHY OF TOMMASSO CAMPANELLA

TOMMASSO CAMPANELLA - Italian philosopher and writer, one of the first representatives
utopian socialism.
The main work is The City of the Sun (1602).
there is no private property;
all citizens participate in productive labor;
the results of labor become the property of the whole society,
and then evenly distributed among its members;
work is combined with simultaneous training;
the life of solariums is regulated to the smallest
details, from getting up to going to bed;
solariums do everything together: they go from work to work,
work, eat, rest, sing songs;
great attention is paid to education - from birth
child is taken away from parents and raised in
special schools where he studies the sciences and is accustomed to
collective life;
at the head of the City of the Sun is a ruler for life
(elected by solariums) - Metaphysician, who owns all
knowledge of his era and all professions.
Tommaso
Campanella
(1568-1639)

10. PHILOSOPHY OF NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI

NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI (1469-1527), Italian politician and
philosopher. The author of the idea of universal military duty.
The main work is "SOVER" (1532).
Main idea: "ALL MEANS ARE GOOD TO ACHIEVE THE GOAL."
The name of Machiavelli - "Machiavellianism" - is called politics,
based on the cult of brute force and disregard for moral standards.
Basic provisions:
man has an inherently evil nature;
the driving motives of a person's actions are selfishness and the desire for personal gain;
the coexistence of people is impossible if everyone pursues only
their selfish interests;
to curb the base nature of man, his egoism, a state is created;
the ruler must lead without forgetting the base nature of his subjects;
the ruler should look generous and noble, but not be so in
reality, otherwise the ruler will be overthrown by far from noble associates
either by opponents, and the treasury is squandered;
the head should not encroach on the property and personal life of people;
in the struggle for the liberation of the motherland from foreign domination, all
means, including insidious and immoral.

NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI

11. PHILOSOPHY OF GIORDANO BRUNO

GIORDANO BRUNO (1548-1600), Italian pantheist philosopher, poet,
a passionate fighter against scholasticism and the Catholic Church.
The main work is “On Infinity. universe and worlds.
Philosophical views of Bruno - pantheistic natural philosophy.
The goal of philosophy was the knowledge of "God in things."
He developed the heliocentric theory of N. Copernicus:
1. The sun is the center only in relation to the Earth,
but not the center of the universe;
2. The Universe has no center and is infinite;
3. The Universe consists of galaxies (clusters of stars);
4. Stars - celestial bodies similar to the Sun and having their own planetary
systems;
5. The number of worlds in the Universe is infinite;
6. All celestial bodies - planets, stars, as well as everything that is on them,
have the property of movement;
7. There is no God separate from the Universe, the Universe and God are one.
Bruno's ethics are imbued with the assertion of "heroic enthusiasm".
elevating a person above everyday life.

GIORDANO BRUNO

12. RENAISSANCE LITERATURE: DANTE ALIGIERI, FRANCESCO PETRARCA

The literature of the Renaissance expressed the humanistic ideals of the era,
glorification of a free, comprehensively developed personality.
Great writers of the era: Francesco Petrarca ("Book of Songs", "On Contempt
to the world"), Dante Alighieri ("The Divine Comedy"), J. Boccaccio
(“The Decameron”), M. de Cervantes (“Don Quixote”), Francois Rabelais (“Gargantua and
Pantagruel).
Dante Alighieri in The Divine Comedy:
1. recognizes the existence of both divine and natural principles in man,
which are in harmony with each other;
2. believes in the happy future of man, his initially good nature.
The famous saying: "Abandon hope, ye who enter here" (Signboard in front of
hell).
Philosophical ideas of F. Petrarch:
1. human life is given once and is unique;
2. the human person must be free - both physically and spiritually; "VITRUVIAN MAN" LEONARDO DA VINCI BASIC
1. Begalinova K.K., Alzhanova U.K., Philosophy Ch.1.,
Almaty, 2010. -287 p.
2. Begalinova K.K., Alzhanova U.K., Philosophy Part 2.,
Almaty, 2010. -381 p.
3. Kanke V.A. Philosophy for technical specialties.
Textbook. M., 2010.-500 p.
4. Alekseev P..V. Panin A.V. Philosophy: Textbook, Moscow State University,
2008.-400 p. Alekseev P..V. Panin A.V. Philosophy: Textbook,
Moscow State University, 2008.-400 p.
5. Kokhanovsky V.P. Philosophy: Lecture notes, R-on-D:
Phoenix, 2007.-192 p.
6. Gabitov T.Kh. Philosophy: Textbook.-Almaty: Rarity,
2008.-400 p.
7. Philosophy: Textbook / ed. A.F. Zotova and others/.-M.:
Academic prospectus, 2007.-688 p.

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The presentation on the topic "Philosophy of the Renaissance and Modern Times" can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Project subject: Philosophy. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you keep your classmates or audience interested. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the appropriate text under the player. The presentation contains 25 slide(s).

Presentation slides

slide 1

Topic 5. Philosophy of the Renaissance and Modern Times.

Humanism and natural philosophy of the Renaissance. Socio-political views of the Renaissance. Empiricism and rationalism in the philosophy of modern times. Socio-political concepts of modern times.

slide 2

Literature:

Bruno J. About reason, beginning and unity. Bruno J. About infinity, universe and worlds. More T. Utopia. Bacon F. Idols human mind. Descartes R. Rules for the guidance of the mind. Descartes R. Philosophical understanding of nature. Spinoza B. The doctrine of substance. Leibniz. Monadology. Hobbes T. Leviathan. Locke J. Theory of knowledge. Hume D. About human nature. Berkeley J. On the principles of human knowledge. Huizinga J. Autumn of the Middle Ages. M., 1988. Film: On the way to the golden ratio: "Philosophy and Art".

slide 3

The term "Renaissance" was first used by the Italian artist and architect Giorgio Vasari in his book Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors and Architects in 1550.

Periodization of the Renaissance: Proto-Renaissance: XIII century - ducento - "two hundredth", 1200s. Early Renaissance: XIV century - trecento - "three hundredths", 1300s. High Renaissance: XV century - quatrocento - "four hundred", 1400s. Late Renaissance: 16th century - cinquicento - "five hundredth", 1500s.

slide 4

The Renaissance - the totality philosophical directions who made a revolution in the system of values, in the assessment of everything that exists and the attitude towards it. The main cultural paradigm is ANTHROPOCENTRISM, which considers man to be the center and meaning of the universe.

Characteristic features: individualism and subjectivism became the foundations of the culture of the Renaissance; humanism as a new worldview, ethics, social ideal and scientific method; anti-church and anti-scholastic orientation, secularization public life; life-affirming character and optimism; history loses its sacred meaning and becomes the practical work of real people; revival of the ancient cultural heritage; creation of a new pantheistic picture of the world; titanism creates not only great heroes, but also anti-heroes.

slide 5

The main directions of the philosophy of the Renaissance:

humanistic; neoplatonic; natural philosophical; reformatory; political; socialist utopian.

slide 6

Francesco Petrarca (1304-1374) “On the ignorance of one’s own and many others”, “The Book of Songs”, “On Contempt for the World” is considered the founder of humanism; rejects scholastic learning; offers a new approach to assessing the ancient heritage: to strive not only to rise to the heights of ancient culture, but also to surpass it; true philosophy must become the science of man; laid the foundations of the personal identity of the Renaissance.

Slide 7

The most famous philosophers - humanists

Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) "Divine Comedy", "New Life"; Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494) "Speech on the Dignity of Man"; Lorenzo Valla (1507-1557) "On pleasure as a true good"; Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466-1536) "Praise of stupidity"; Michel Montaigne (1533-1592) "Experiments".

Slide 8

The main features of natural philosophy:

substantiation of the materialistic view of the world; the desire to separate philosophy from theology; formation of scientific outlook; promotion of a new picture of the world; the assertion that the world is knowable; practical science, which is an attempt to change the world, is gaining importance.

Slide 9

Bertrand Russell, philosopher, mathematician, winner of the "Nobel Prize" in the field of literature in his work "History Western philosophy” gave a difference between the authority of science and the authority of church dogma:

the authority of science is intellectual in character and not governmental; no punishment falls on the heads of those who reject the authority of science; no considerations of benefit affect those who take it; science gains authority exclusively by appealing to reason; the authority of science is, as it were, woven from particles and pieces, and not from an integral system - like church dogma; if the ecclesiastical authority proclaims its judgments as absolutely true and unchanged forever and ever, then the judgments of science are experimental, made on the basis of a probabilistic approach and are recognized as relative.

Slide 10

Representatives of natural philosophy of the Renaissance:

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) "The Book of Painting", "On True and False Science"; Nicholas of Cusa (1401-1464) "On learned ignorance", "On assumptions", etc.; Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) "On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres"; Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) "On Nature, the Beginning and the One", "On the Infinity of the Universe and the Worlds", etc.; Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) "Star Messenger", "Dialogue on the two main systems of the world", etc.

slide 11

Nicolaus Copernicus revolutionized natural science by developing the heliocentric system of the world

In spirit his work is Pythagorean; the sun is the center of the universe, which refuted the geocentric system of the world of Ptolemy; the earth has a double motion: daily rotation and annual circular rotation around the Sun; the cosmos is infinite and all cosmic bodies move along their own trajectory; processes in space are explainable from the point of view of nature and are devoid of "sacred" meaning.

slide 12

The sun is the center of the universe in relation to the earth, but not the center of the universe; The universe has no center and is infinite; the stars are like the sun and have their own planetary systems; all celestial bodies have the property of motion; put forward a hypothesis that we are not alone in the Universe and there may be intelligent beings; there is no God separate from the Universe, the Universe and God are one.

slide 13

Galileo Galilei is one of the founders of modern experimental science. For the first time he showed how important tools are for the development of science.

introduced the method of observation, hypotheses and their experimental verification in practice; discovered the value of acceleration in dynamics established the law of falling bodies; studying the flight of shells, he established the principle of a parallelogram; defended the heliocentric system of the world; invented the telescope and discovered a number of important phenomena: spots on the Sun, mountains on the Moon, the Milky Way consists of many individual stars, observed the phases of Venus, discovered the satellites of Jupiter.

Slide 14

The socio-political concepts of the Renaissance include the reformation, the political philosophy of N. Machiavelli, the socialist-utopian direction.

The Reformation served as an ideological justification for the political and armed struggle for the reform of the Church and Catholicism. The political philosophy of Niccolo Machiavelli explored the problems of managing a real-life state, methods of influencing people, and methods of political struggle. The socialist-utopian direction focused on the development of projects for an ideal state, where social justice based on public property triumphed.

slide 15

The founder of the Reformation was Martin Luther, who on October 31, 1517 nailed 95 theses against indulgences

communication between God and believers should take place directly, without the participation of Catholic Church; the church must become democratic, and the rites understandable to people; demanded a reduction in the influence of the Pope on the politics of other states; the authority of state institutions and secular power must be restored; free culture and education from the dominance of Catholic dogmas; indulgences must be abolished.

slide 16

The main ideas of the political philosophy of Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527):

man initially has an evil nature; selfishness and the desire for personal gain become the driving motives of actions; to curb the base nature of man, a special organization is created - the state; on the basis of the experience of history and contemporary events reveals how power is won, how it is retained and lost; the ruler must be "sly as foxes, ferocious as a lion"; in no case should the ruler encroach on the property and privacy of people; also central to his teaching is the idea of "fortune" (destiny), which favors the young and the wealthy; in the fight for political power, and especially for the liberation of the homeland from the encroachments of foreign domination, all means are permissible, including insidious and immoral.

Slide 17

The socialist-utopian direction is represented by the works of Thomas More and Tomaso Campanella:

T. More "Utopia": There is no private property; General 6-hour labor mobilization; The principle is: “From each according to his ability, to each according to his work”; The primary unit of society is the “working family.” Men and women have equal rights;

T. Campanella "City of the Sun": There is no private property; everyone participates in the labor process; work is combined with simultaneous training; the life of solariums is regulated to the smallest detail; children live separately from their parents and are brought up in special schools; at the head of the City of the Sun is a lifelong ruler - Metaphysician.

Slide 18

Modern times - the XVII century - became a turning point in European history. The most important factor is the development of SCIENCE.

General characteristics of the era of modern times: this is the century of development of experimental mathematical natural science; the creation of classical mechanics was completed, which was based on the results achieved by I. Newton, E. Torricelli, I. Kepler, N. Copernicus and others. Two directions took shape in philosophy - empiricism and rationalism; states are more replacing the Church as the governing body that controls culture; the era of early bourgeois-democratic revolutions; philosophy stands for the practical significance of its concepts, for their vital application, for a real impact on human destinies.

Slide 19

The main problems of the philosophy of modern times:

development of a new method of cognition (F. Bacon and R. Descartes); substantiation of the ontological status of being (R. Descartes, B. Spinoza, G. Leibniz); problem solving attempts social life(T. Hobbes, J. Locke).

Slide 20

Francis Bacon (1561-1626) - a member of the British Parliament, later Lord Chancellor, the founder of English materialism, proposed a method of experimental study of nature.

Main works: New Organon”, “On the dignity and multiplication of sciences”, “New Atlantis”, etc. Famous sayings: “Knowledge is power”, “nature is not a temple, but a workshop”, “we can do as much as we know”. Main ideas: to give a person the means of scientific discoveries and inventions to master the forces of nature; first carried out the classification of sciences; developed the method of induction; pointed out specific ways of knowledge; outlined the delusions of the "idols" of the mind.

slide 21

René Descartes (1596-1650) French philosopher and mathematician, representative of classical rationalism.

Main works: "Discourses on the Method", "Reflections on the First Philosophy", "Principles of Philosophy", "Rules for the Guidance of the Mind", etc. The main philosophical credo: "I think, therefore I am." Substantiated the leading role of the mind in cognition; became the author of the theory of dualism; put forward the doctrine of substance, attributes and modes; developed the method of deduction and the basic methods of research in scientific knowledge; proposed the doctrine of "innate ideas".

slide 22

Benedict (Baruch) Spinoza (1632-1677) is a prominent representative of rationalism.

Main works: "Theological and political treatise", " Political treatise"," Ethics. Based on the theory of substance, Descartes developed his own system of a single substance; developed the doctrine of three kinds of knowledge; gave an explanation of the problems of determinism, the relationship between freedom and necessity, creativity as an active principle.

slide 23

Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716) - German mathematician, lawyer, predecessor of the German classical philosophy.

Leibniz's doctrine of monads: The whole world consists of a huge number of substances that have a single nature; fundamentally, one should distinguish between the intelligible world (the world of truly existing) and the phenomenal world (the sensually perceived physical world); the world is based on indivisible primary elements - monads (from the Greek "one") - "spiritual atoms"; they are all united by the principle of pre-established harmony; the monad has four qualities: aspiration, attraction, perception, representation; monads are closed and independent of each other; there are four classes of monads: "naked monads", "animal monads", "human monads", "God".

slide 24

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) - English philosopher and political thinker.

Major works: "About the Citizen", "Leviathan", "About the Body", "About Man". He continued the philosophical traditions of F. Bacon; was a convinced materialist; knowledge comes about through sense perception; signals from the surrounding world are peculiar signs; carried out the classification of signals; considered the issues of society and the state to be the most important problem; was the first to put forward the idea that the social contract lay at the basis of the emergence of the state;

Slide 25

John Locke (1632-1704) formulated the foundations of empiricism in sensationalist theory and became one of the founders of the doctrine of liberalism.

The main works: "An Experience on Human Understanding", "Two Treatises on Government", etc. Knowledge can only be based on experience: "there is nothing in the mind that would not be in the senses." Consciousness is an empty room, a tabula rasa, which is filled with experience in the course of life; identifies two main sources of ideas: sensations and reflection; as well as three types of knowledge: intuitive, demonstrative, sensitive; in socio-political teaching proceeds from the natural state of society; singled out the basic inalienable natural human rights: life, liberty, property; to substantiate his assertion that the ruler's power cannot be absolute, he first put forward the idea of separation of powers: legislative, executive and federal.

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1 of 25

Presentation on the topic: Philosophy of the Renaissance and Modern Times

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Literature: Bruno J. On the cause, beginning and unity. Bruno J. On infinity, the universe and worlds. More T. Utopia. Bacon F. Idols of the human mind. Descartes R. Rules for the guidance of the mind. Descartes R. Philosophical understanding of nature. Spinoza B. The doctrine of substance. Leibniz. Monadology. Hobbes T. Leviathan. Locke J. Theory of knowledge. Hume D. On human nature. Berkeley J. On the principles of human knowledge. Huizinga J. Autumn of the Middle Ages. M., 1988. Film: On the way to the golden section: "Philosophy and Art".

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The term "Renaissance" was first used by the Italian artist and architect Giorgio Vasari in his book Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors and Architects in 1550. Periodization of the Renaissance: Proto-Renaissance: XIII century - ducento - "two hundredths", 1200s. Early Renaissance: XIV century - trecento - "three hundredths", 1300s. High Renaissance: XV century - quatrocento - "four hundredths", 1400 -s. Late Renaissance: 16th century - cinquicento - "five hundredth", 1500s.

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The Renaissance is a set of philosophical trends that made a revolution in the system of values, in the assessment of everything that exists and the attitude towards it. The main cultural paradigm is ANTHROPOCENTRISM, which considers man to be the center and meaning of the universe. Characteristic features: individualism and subjectivism became the foundations of the culture of the Renaissance; humanism as a new worldview, ethics, social ideal and scientific method; anti-church and anti-scholastic orientation, secularization of public life; life-affirming character and optimism; history loses its sacred meaning and becomes a practical matter of real people; the revival of the ancient cultural heritage; the creation of a new pantheistic picture of the world; titanism creates not only great heroes, but also anti-heroes.

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Humanism (from Latin humanitas - humanity) is understood as the upbringing and education of a person, contributing to his exaltation. The main role was assigned to a complex of disciplines, consisting of grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, and ethics. Francesco Petrarca (1304-1374) is considered to be the founder of humanism “On the ignorance of one’s own and many others”, “The Book of Songs”, “On Contempt for the World”; rejects scholastic scholarship; offers a new approach to assessing the ancient heritage: strive not only to rise to the heights of the ancient culture, but also to surpass it; genuine philosophy should become the science of man; laid the foundations of the personal self-consciousness of the Renaissance.

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The most famous philosophers - humanists Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) "Divine Comedy", "New Life"; Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494) "Speech on the dignity of man"; Lorenzo Valla (1507-1557) "On pleasure as true good "; Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466-1536) "Praise of stupidity"; Michel Montaigne (1533-1592) "Experiments".

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The main features of natural philosophy: the rationale for a materialistic view of the world; the desire to separate philosophy from theology; the formation of a scientific worldview; the promotion of a new picture of the world; the assertion that the world is knowable; practical science, which is an attempt to change the world, is becoming important.

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Bertrand Russell, philosopher, mathematician, Nobel Prize winner in literature, in his work "The History of Western Philosophy" distinguished the authority of science from the authority of church dogma: the authority of science is intellectual in nature, not governmental; no punishments fall on the heads of those who reject the authority of science; no considerations of benefit affect those who accept it; science gains authority solely by calling to reason; the authority of science is as if woven from particles and pieces, and not a whole system - like church dogma; if church authority proclaims its judgments as absolutely true and unchanged forever and ever, then the judgments of science are experimental, made on the basis of a probabilistic approach and are recognized as relative.

slide number 10

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Representatives of natural philosophy of the Renaissance: Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) "The Book of Painting", "On True and False Science"; Nicholas of Cusa (1401-1464) "On Scientific Ignorance", "On Assumptions", etc.; Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) "On the circulation of the celestial spheres"; Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) "On nature, the beginning and the one", "On the infinity of the Universe and the worlds", etc.; Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) "Star messenger" , "Dialogue on the two main systems of the world", etc.

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Nicolaus Copernicus made a revolution in natural science by developing the heliocentric system of the world. In spirit, his work is Pythagorean; the sun is the center of the universe, which refuted the geocentric system of the world of Ptolemy; the earth has a dual movement: daily rotation and annual circular rotation around the Sun; space is infinite and all cosmic bodies move along its own trajectory; the processes in space are explainable from the point of view of nature and are devoid of a "sacred" meaning.

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Giordano Bruno is an Italian philosopher and poet, a pantheist materialist. In 1592, he was arrested by the Inquisition and accused of heresy and freethinking, and on February 17, 1600, he was burned at the stake. The sun is the center of the universe in relation to the earth, but not the center of the universe; the universe has no center and is infinite; the stars are like the sun and have their own planetary systems; all celestial bodies have the property of motion; put forward the hypothesis that we are not alone in the universe and can be rational beings; there is no God separate from the Universe, the Universe and God are one.

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Galileo Galilei is one of the founders of modern experimental science. For the first time he showed how important tools are for the development of science. introduced the method of observation, hypotheses and their experimental verification in practice; discovered the value of acceleration in dynamics; established the law of falling bodies; studying the flight of projectiles, established the parallelogram principle; defended the heliocentric system of the world; invented the telescope and discovered a number of important phenomena: spots on the Sun, mountains on the Moon , The Milky Way is made up of many individual stars, observed the phases of Venus, discovered Jupiter's moons.

slide number 14

Description of the slide:

The socio-political concepts of the Renaissance include the reformation, the political philosophy of N. Machiavelli, the socialist-utopian direction. The Reformation served as the ideological justification for the political and armed struggle for the reform of the Church and Catholicism. The political philosophy of Niccolo Machiavelli explored the problems of managing a real-life state, methods of influencing people, methods of political struggle. The socialist-utopian direction focused on the development of projects for an ideal state, where the social justice based on public property.

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The founder of the Reformation was Martin Luther, who on October 31, 1517 nailed 95 theses against indulgences, communication between God and believers should take place directly, without the participation of the Catholic Church; the church should become democratic, and the rites understandable to people; Pope of Rome; the authority of state institutions and secular power must be restored; culture and education must be freed from the dominance of Catholic dogmas; indulgences must be abolished.

slide number 16

Description of the slide:

The main ideas of the political philosophy of Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527): a person initially has an evil nature; selfishness and the desire for personal gain become the driving motives for actions; a special organization is created to curb the base nature of a person - the state; based on the experience of history and contemporary events, he reveals how power is won, how it is retained and lost; the ruler must be “cunning like foxes, ferocious like a lion”; in no case should the ruler encroach on the property and privacy of people; the idea of \u200b\u200b“fortune” (fate ), which favors the young and the rich; in the struggle for political power, and in particular for the liberation of the homeland from the encroachments of foreign domination, all means are permissible, including insidious and immoral.

slide number 17

Description of the slide:

The socialist-utopian direction is represented by the works of Thomas More and Tomaso Campanella: T. More "Utopia": There is no private property; General 6-hour labor mobilization; The principle applies: "From each according to his ability, to each according to his work"; The primary unit of society is " labor family "Men and women have equal rights; T. Campanella "City of the Sun": There is no private property; everyone participates in the labor process; work is combined with simultaneous training; the life of solariums is regulated to the smallest detail; children live separately from their parents and are brought up in special schools; at the head of the City of the Sun is a lifelong ruler - Metaphysician.

slide number 18

Description of the slide:

Modern times - the XVII century - became a turning point in European history. The most important factor is the development of SCIENCE. General characteristics of the modern era: this is the century of development of experimental mathematical natural science; the creation of classical mechanics was completed, which was based on the results achieved by I. Newton, E. Torricelli, I. Kepler, N. Copernicus and others. Two directions took shape in philosophy - empiricism and rationalism; states are more replacing the Church as a governing body that controls culture; the era of early bourgeois-democratic revolutions; philosophy stands for the practical significance of its concepts, for their life application, for a real impact on human destinies.

slide number 19

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Francis Bacon (1561-1626) - a member of the British Parliament, later Lord Chancellor, the founder of English materialism, proposed a method of experimental study of nature. Main works: "New Organon", "On the Dignity and Multiplication of Sciences", "New Atlantis", etc. Famous sayings: "Knowledge is power", "nature is not a temple, but a workshop", "we can do as much as we know." Main ideas: to give a person the means of scientific discoveries and inventions to master the forces of nature; for the first time carried out a classification of sciences; developed a method of induction; indicated specific ways of cognition; outlined the delusions of the "idols" of the mind.

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René Descartes (1596-1650) French philosopher and mathematician, representative of classical rationalism. Main works: “Discourses on the Method”, “Reflections on the First Philosophy”, “Principles of Philosophy”, “Rules for the Guidance of the Mind”, etc. The main philosophical credo: “I think, therefore I exist.” He substantiated the leading role of the mind in cognition; became the author of the theory of dualism; put forward the doctrine of substance, attributes and modes; developed the method of deduction and basic methods of research in scientific knowledge; proposed the doctrine of "innate ideas".

slide number 22

Description of the slide:

Benedict (Baruch) Spinoza (1632-1677) is a prominent representative of rationalism. Main works: “Theological and Political Treatise”, “Political Treatise”, “Ethics”. Based on the theory of substance, Descartes developed his own system of a single substance; developed the doctrine of three kinds of knowledge; gave an explanation of the problems of determinism, the relationship between freedom and necessity, creativity as active start.

slide number 23

Description of the slide:

Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716) was a German mathematician and lawyer, a forerunner of German classical philosophy. Leibniz's doctrine of monads: The whole world consists of a huge number of substances that have a single nature; in principle, one should distinguish between the intelligible world (the world of truly existing) and the phenomenal world (sensually perceived physical world); the world is based on indivisible primary elements - monads (from the Greek. " one") - "spiritual atoms"; they are all united by the principle of pre-established harmony; the monad has four qualities: aspiration, attraction, perception, representation; monads are closed and independent of each other; there are four classes of monads: "naked monads", "monads of animals ”, “monads of man”, “God”.

slide number 24

Description of the slide:

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) was an English philosopher and political thinker. Main works: “On the Citizen”, “Leviathan”, “On the Body”, “On Man”. Continued the philosophical traditions of F. Bacon; was a convinced materialist; knowledge occurs through sensory perception; signals from the surrounding world are peculiar signs; carried out a classification of signals ;considered issues of society and the state to be the most important problem; was the first to put forward the idea that the social contract lay at the basis of the emergence of the state;

slide number 25

Description of the slide:

John Locke (1632-1704) formulated the foundations of empiricism in sensationalist theory and became one of the founders of the doctrine of liberalism. Main works: “An Experience on Human Understanding”, “Two Treatises on Government”, etc. Knowledge can only be based on experience: “there is nothing in the mind that would not be in the senses.” Consciousness is an empty room, tabula rasa, which is filled with experience during life; highlights two main sources of ideas: sensations and reflection; as well as three types of knowledge: intuitive, demonstrative, sensitive; in socio-political teaching proceeds from the natural state of society; singled out the basic inalienable natural rights of a person: life, freedom , property; to substantiate his assertion that the ruler's power cannot be absolute, he first put forward the idea of separation of powers: legislative, executive and federal.

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