Presentation on the topic “Philosophy of society. Presentation "Social Philosophy. Society" - project, report Modern view of the state
Topic: "Society as a self-developing system"
THE CONCEPT OF SOCIETY
1. A part of the material world isolated from nature, connected with the life of people.
2. A holistic system of people's vital activity with each other and with nature.
3. Community, union, cooperation (any society is a community, but not any community is a society).
4. The highest stage of development of living systems, the main elements of which are people, forms of their joint activity, labor, products of labor, various forms of ownership, politics, state, classes, nations, peoples, clan, tribe, the institution of marriage, family, the sphere of the spirit ( culture).
Social communities and connections within and between these communities.
Professional groups: miners, teachers..
Socio-demographic groups (youth, pensioners, schoolchildren, unemployed, nursing mothers, visiting fathers)
Socio-territorial communities (city, village, village, district, region, region)
Social mobility and social stratification
Class Theories:
Marx K. (economic determinism) - society is divided into 2 antagonistic classes - those who own the means of production (C) and who do not have this property.
A. Smith and Ricardo (distributive theory of classes) - capitalists - receive profit, landowners - rent, workers - wages.
3. M. Weber - the source of class differences - professional skills, specialty, qualifications, ownership of intellectual property.
4. The reason for the emergence of classes is violence, robbery
5. Rostow U. - instead of classes - division by profession (technological determinism)
Stratification means a system of signs and criteria of social stratification, inequality in society (against the theory of classes by K. Marx).
Classes, social strata and groups are distinguished on the basis of:
Profession
Strat can be from 2 to 9.
Education
Psychology
Living conditions
Employment
social status
professions,
economic situation,
political opportunities,
demographic characteristics of a person.
nationality,
profession,
education,
place of residence, etc.
The social position of a person in society depends on:
Types of social statuses
Status indicates a person's place in society.
Prescribed given to a person by society.
Reachable - is acquired by a person by his own efforts for a certain period of time.
social role
At the end of the 20th century, most social statuses were attainable.
way of human behavior.
The status includes several roles.
Each role is assigned a range of rights and obligations that depend on social norms.
social group
Any set of people identified by criteria such as:
The number of groups on earth is 2 times the number of people.
STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY
Spheres in which joint activities of people are carried out:
1\ECONOMIC sphere- the process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods. Plants, factories, banks, stock exchanges, etc.
2\SOCIAL sphere– social groups, connections, institutions, norms, values. Classes, strata, social groups, layers, nations, peoples, clans, tribes.
3\POLITICAL sphere- the state, parties, public organizations, mass media, political culture, ideology - this is the area of POWER.
4\SPIRITUAL- science, culture, art, spiritual values, morality, religion, philosophy.
Culture is all types of transformative activities of a person and society, as well as all its results.
Culture Functions:
Adaptations to the environment
Accumulation, storage and transfer of cultural property
Goal-setting and regulation of society and human activity
Socializing
Communicative
Social progress and development of society.
Primitive communal system- 40 thousand BC - the end of the IV millennium BC. uh
Ancient world- The end of the 4th millennium BC - the end of the 5th century. AD
Middle Ages- V c. AD - ser. XVII century
new time- Ser. XVII - beginning. 20th century
Each subsequent stage takes less time than the previous one.
Reform- partial improvement in any area of life, carried out simultaneously, a series of gradual transformations that do not affect the foundations of the existing social order.
Revolution- a complete or complex change in all or most aspects of life, affecting the foundations of the existing social order.
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Topic 1. Worldview: concept and problems. The socio-historical nature of the worldview Mythogenic and epistemogenic concepts of the origin of philosophy Variety of areas of philosophical understanding of reality The problem of the subject of philosophy. Two sides of the main question of philosophy and its solution Specificity of philosophical knowledge. Functions of Philosophy
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Worldview: concept, structure, levels
worldview Theoretical level - worldview knowledge Everyday practical (everyday) - worldview (worldly philosophy, common sense) beliefs beliefs Values and norms esoteric skills Traditions. customs ideals evaluation activities
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The socio-historical nature of the worldview
man world outlook mythological religious philosophical Myth is a legend, a legend. Syncretic view of the world Doubling of the world - natural, supernatural, the main component is faith Love for wisdom, the problem of the relationship between man and the world Socio-historical types
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The problem of the origin of philosophy
Philosophy is not only the doctrine of the greatest questions that can excite a person, she herself is one of the most difficult problems that she tries to solve Mythogenic concept of the origin of philosophy Epistemogenic concept of the origin of philosophy scientific knowledge– as a prerequisite of philosophy, the problem Does not explain philosophical rationalism Does not explain the speculative metaphysics of the first philosophical schools
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Specificity of philosophical knowledge
mythology Mythology Artistic and figurative exploration of the world Philosophy Conceptual and logical form of thinking and exploration of the world Concepts, categories Methods. principles Theories, systems Key questions: What can I know? What should I do? What can I hope for? What is a person? (I. Kant) The answer to them: Cannot be found experimentally Has a value coloring, is focused on human presence, human interest and evaluation
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The variety of areas of philosophical understanding of the world
ontology epistemology dialectics methodology
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The problem of the subject of philosophy
the problem of the relationship between man and the world (in the broad sense) 1. Not localized in a specific area of reality 2. Historically mobile and specific (the solution depends on the achieved level of socio-historical practice: the level of development of material and spiritual production, the level of development of scientific knowledge) In order to in order to judge philosophy, one must live by it, and one who cannot live with a philosophical subject must refrain from judging both about philosophy itself and about its subject (Ilyin I.A.)
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The fundamental question of philosophy
being consciousness spirit matter "I" "NOT-I" The main question of philosophy Ontological aspect (1st side) Gnoseological aspect (2nd side) What is primary? Being or Consciousness Is the world cognizable? (the problem of the identity of thinking and being)
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Solution of the main question of philosophy
Decision of the 1st side of the ovf Decision of the 2nd side of the ovf What is primary: being or consciousness is the world (nature, society) cognizable monism dualism The world is cognizable Reliable knowledge of the world is impossible Matter is primary consciousness is secondary Matter depends on the spiritual principle Material and spirituality exist independently (Descartes) Agnosticism (D.Hum.I.Kant) Optimism (materialists, some idealists) skepticism materialism, (Heraclitus, Democritus, Diderot, Marx) idealism Subjective (Berkeley, Hume, existentialism, neopositivism) Objective (Plato, Hegel , neo-Thomism)
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Main philosophical trends and classical representatives
materialism idealism subjective objective Antiquity: Plato Middle Ages: Thomas Aquinas German classical philosophy: Hegel Antiquity: Socrates Modern times: Berkeley, Hume, Kant. Fichte
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materialism idealism metaphysical dialectical Atomistic doctrine of Democritus (antiquity) (allows the movement of atoms in a void) Mechanistic materialism of the New Age: F. Bacon, T. Hobbes, La Mettrie, Holbach (absolutization of the principles of mechanics) Philosophy of Marxism: K. Marx (recognizes the possibility of change, development society (nature), and as a consequence of thinking)
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FUNCTIONS OF PHILOSOPHY
PHILOSOPHY AS A FORM OF PUBLIC CONSCIOUSNESS PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE PHILOSOPHY AS A WORLD VIEW COGNITIVE FUNCTION - KNOWLEDGE OF THE UNIVERSAL WORLD VIEW METHODOLOGICAL CRITICAL-PROGNOSTIC MANAGEMENT
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Presentation slides
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PRESENTATION
Lecture "SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY" (part 1).
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Issues under consideration:
1. The concept of society. 2. Society and its structure. 3. Specificity of social reality. 4. The composition of social reality. 5.Civil society and the state. 6. Development of society.
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1. The concept of society
The Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language gives six different meanings. Society is a collection of people united by historically conditioned social forms of joint life and activity (“feudal society”). Or a circle of people united by a common position, origin, interests (“noble society”). Voluntary, permanent association of people for some purpose ("society of philatelists"). This or that environment of people, a company (“get into a bad company”).
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SOCIAL REALITY
Society is not just a set of people, but also a real, objectively existing set of conditions for their life together. Social reality (Emile Durkheim) differs from natural reality and cannot be reduced to the latter. But it is just as "real" as nature, although it has its own specifics. This is a “supra-biological” and “supra-individual” reality, which is primary in relation to the biopsychic reality embodied in human individuals. After all, a person, with his biological and mental organization, can exist only under conditions public life.
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VOLUME OF THE CONCEPT "SOCIETY"
First, society can be understood as social organisms of different scales: A separate society that takes place in a certain territory during a certain historical time (ancient Greek society, modern Russian society, etc.). Regional association of several separate societies (sociocultural world). For example, Western European society, Muslim world. Human society is a set of all separate societies, considered as a single historically developing whole.
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MEANINGS OF THE CONCEPT "SOCIETY"
Secondly, the concept of "society" takes on a different meaning depending on the level of abstraction at which society is considered: At the first level, the concept of society reflects a specific historically formed social organism - a separate society, the socio-cultural world, human society as a whole. At a higher level of abstraction, this concept means a certain type of society: primitive society, industrial society, etc.
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"SOCIETY IN GENERAL"
Finally, at the highest level, we mean "society in general." It is built by abstraction from specific features in which various social organisms differ from each other, and fix only such features and characteristics that are inherent in any type of society. In other words, this concept reflects the properties of social reality in general.
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2. Structure (device) of society.
The subsystems or social structures of society include various kinds of social communities, groups, organizations, such as the family, ethnic group, nation, classes, etc. Here attention is drawn to questions relating to their nature, their relationship, their social functions, their place and role in the development of society, these issues will be discussed later.
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THREE MAIN SPHERES OF PUBLIC LIFE:
firstly, productive, utilitarian activity associated with the satisfaction of vital needs; secondly, organizational, managerial activity, designed to ensure the coherence of collective actions, public order; thirdly, information activity, consisting in the accumulation, preservation and transmission of knowledge, values and norms of behavior.
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3. Specificity of social reality
Social life is the totality of the conditions of social life that appear to the members of society as supra-individual, objectively given circumstances of their existence. Social reality is made up of phenomena that Durkheim calls social facts. This is a special type of phenomena that take place only in society, only in the joint life of people. They contain some kind of spirituality emanating from people, which is not found in physical, chemical, biological facts.
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4. The composition of social reality
Let us single out some of the most important components of social reality. The people themselves, their associations, relationships, actions are the main component of social reality, its creative force. A person in whom the material and spiritual, body and soul are combined, spreads this "duality" around him. And this "two-layer" - material and spiritual - is the content of social reality in the human world.
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The most obvious way for a person to endow his creations with meaning is manifested in language. Communicating with the help of language, people attribute to the sounds of oral speech (or letters of written speech) meanings that they physically - like air vibrations (or some kind of squiggles) - do not possess by themselves.
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ARTIFACTS
The world of material artifacts. Artifacts (from Latin arte - artificial and faktuz - made) in the broadest sense of the word are any artificially created object, in contrast to objects that arose naturally in nature. Artifacts include things made by people’s hands, thoughts born in their heads, means and methods of action found by them, forms of living together, etc.
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NATURAL PHENOMENA
involved in the scope social activities. Mastering nature, people see meaning - value, benefit, etc. - also in its naturally occurring phenomena. So, for example, oil, which once had nothing to do with social reality, entered it and turned into the country's public wealth.
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COLLECTIVE REPRESENTATIONS
Each person develops his own individual picture of the world around him. But at the same time, there are also common views, ideas, mental attitudes that are in circulation in society and are more or less shared by its members. E. Durkheim called them "collective representations". They exist in the minds of people, but do not depend on the personal nature of individuals.
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5. Civil society and the state.
The state occupies a special place among all social organizations. Confucius likened the state big family and believed that morality, love and respect of the younger for the elder served as the basis of state power. This was opposed by the school of fajia (“lawyers”), which argued that state policy was incompatible with morality and power should be based not on moral principles and conscience, but on law and fear of punishment.
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MAIN FEATURES OF THE STATE:
1. Public authority - a system of state bodies and institutions, a special apparatus of management (parliament, government, ministries, etc.) and coercion ("power" bodies: army, police, etc.). 2. The system of legal norms, legal laws that regulate social relations (unlike the customs and traditions that operate in the primitive system, legal laws are established by the state and implemented thanks to its strength).
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3. Territorial division of the population (in contrast to the division of the population according to consanguinity in the tribal system, the state unites its power and protects all the people inhabiting its territory, regardless of belonging to any clan or tribe). 4. A system of taxes that provide funds for the maintenance of the state apparatus, as well as organizations and people who are on state support (in the field of education, health care, social security), and for the implementation of functions that the state should perform.
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MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE STATE:
1. Protection of law and order - ensuring the observance of the rule of law by all persons of the state, the fight against offenses, the protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens. 2. Economic - regulation of the economic life of the country through a system of taxation, price regulation, support for priority sectors of the economy, etc.
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3. Social - protection of the disabled and poor population, creation of conditions for the development of health care, education, public transport, etc. 4. Cultural - ensuring the activities of institutions of science, art, religion, the media, etc. 5. The ecological function of the state is becoming increasingly important in modern conditions.
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EXTERNAL FUNCTIONS OF THE STATE:
1. Defense of the country or military expansion in relation to other countries. 2. Foreign policy activity - carrying out the interests of the state in international relations with other states. 3. Foreign economic activity - commercial, industrial and financial contacts with other states. Among the external functions in modern world 4. International cooperation in the sphere of social, humanitarian, cultural, technical, scientific interaction and exchange occupies an important place.
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STATE FORMS
Nowadays, states are usually distinguished by the forms of government, state structure and political regime. According to the forms of government, states are divided into monarchies and republics. Signs of a monarchy: power is inherited; power belongs to the ruler (monarch) indefinitely. There are unlimited and limited monarchies. Signs of the republic: elective power; election for a specified period. Republics are divided into presidential, parliamentary and mixed. Dictatorship is considered a special form.
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THE MOST IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES OF A DEMOCRATIC STATE:
1. The sovereignty of the people, that is, the only source of power in the country is the people, who exercise their power directly, as well as through state authorities and local governments. 2. The rule of law in all spheres of life and the existence of effective forms of control over the implementation of laws. 3. The inviolability of the rights and freedoms of the individual, its legal security, the mutual responsibility of citizens and the state to each other.
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4. The social nature of the state - its policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of a person. 5. Recognition and protection equally of private, state, municipal and other forms of ownership. 6.Separation of executive, legislative and judicial powers.
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CIVIL SOCIETY
One of the phenomena of modern democracy is civil society. Civil society is a sphere of self-manifestation of free citizens and voluntarily formed associations and organizations, independent of direct interference and arbitrary regulation by the state authorities. The formation of his concept refers to the second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries. The philosophy of the Enlightenment, German classical philosophy, in the writings of which the need for a clear distinction between the state and civil society is beginning to be realized, gave priority to the state (especially Hegel).
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PRIORITY OF CIVIL SOCIETY
On the contrary, in the philosophy and sociology of Marxism, as well as in most modern political science and sociological theories, the priority of civil society over the state is affirmed, and one of the most important conditions for social progress is seen in its expansion and strengthening.
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MAIN FUNCTIONS OF CIVIL SOCIETY:
1. Full satisfaction of the material and spiritual needs of people; 2. Protection of private spheres of people's lives; 3. Restraint lever political power from absolute domination; 4. Stabilization of social relations and processes.
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6. Development of society
Speaking about the development of society, let us ask ourselves the question: are there laws in human history that determine the behavior of social systems and subsystems - ethnic groups, classes, states and humanity as a whole? Or are historical phenomena unique and inimitable, and, consequently, as S. Frank wrote, there is no room for regularity here?
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THE CONCEPT OF HISTORICAL REGULATION
The uniqueness of historical phenomena is an undeniable fact. But it is not absolute. With all the differences, there is also a similarity, their repetition, in which lies the historical pattern. Between the events of history there are objectively determined dependencies that no free will can change. Such dependencies are the laws of history.
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GLOBALIZATION
Now the process of formation of a fundamentally new type of social reality is unfolding. This process goes simultaneously in two main directions: 1. the formation of a new type of society in the most developed countries; 2. formation of a global social organism covering the whole world (globalization).
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"POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY"
The new type of society that replaces the industrial one is called differently: “post-industrial society” (J. Bell, J. Galreith); "super-industrial civilization" (O. Toffler); "information society" (M. McLuhan, E. Masuda); "technotronic society" (Z. Brzezinski). Post-industrial society is a product of the scientific and technological revolution of the 20th and 21st centuries.
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Literature:
Aristotle. Policy. Op.6 in 4 vols. Vol.4. - M.: Thought, 1983. Aron R. Democracy and totalitarianism. - M., 1993. P.23. Bransky V.P. Social Synergetics as a Postmodern Philosophy of History /Social Sciences and Modernity. 1999, No. 6. Volkov A.I. The human dimension of progress. – M.: Politizdat, 1990. A.S. Carmine, G.G. Bernatsky. Philosophy. - St. Petersburg: DNA Publishing House. 2001. Ch. 7. Social philosophy. Marx K. Letter to P.V. Annenkov, 28 Dec. 1846 // Marx K. Engels F. Soch., vol. 27. Momjyan K.Kh. Introduction to social philosophy. - M., 1997. S.303-304. New technocratic wave in the West. - M., 1986.
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LITERATURE:
F.A. Hayek. The road to slavery // Questions of Philosophy, 1990. #10, 11, !2. Popper K. Open society and its enemies. T.1. - M., 1992. P.220. Ozhegov S.I. and Shvedova N.Yu. Dictionary Russian language. - M., 1992. P.24. Article "society". Plato. State / Plato. Dialogues. - M .: LLC "Publishing House AST"; Kharkov: "Folio", 2003. P.86-98.
Philosophy of man. What did philosophy intend to analyze in the study of man? First of all, a clarification of the relationship of man to the world, around him and to himself. What is the essence of man? At the individual level, a person is a unity of three components: 1. Biological (type of the nervous system, gender and age characteristics, etc.). 2. Mental (feelings, imagination, memory, thinking, will, character, etc.). 3. Social (worldview, holistic attitudes, moral traits, knowledge and skills, qualifications). A person is always in a family, a team, a society. Society is an individual species with its social connections.
Characteristic features of society The subject and carrier of people's vital needs and ways to satisfy them. The subject and carrier of social production, methods of implementation. The subject and carrier of production and all other forms of social relations. Subject and bearer of social consciousness. Subject and bearer of freedom and creative activity. Society as an integrated integrity acts as a subject and carrier of universal needs, the implementation of which determines the vital activity of the individual and society as a whole.
The main differences between the concepts: “society”, “country” and “state” The largest association of people stably interconnected by various interactions, a common territory, history and culture Society Country A separate territory of independent residence of a given society with its own borders and social structure State Political system of a given society (country) with a certain regime of power and governing bodies At the center of these concepts - man, his being. Being is first of all human existence or being is our life.
Essence of being. Being is everything that exists. Basic forms of being Being of things, states, processes Human being Being spiritual Being social Being in the modern, dynamic, contradictory world, it is very important to have the meaning of life. Viewpoints on this category are very different.
The concept of the meaning of life Hedonism To live is to enjoy Eudemonism Life is the pursuit of happiness Asceticism Life is the renunciation of the world Ethics of duty Life is self-sacrifice, service to the ideal Utilitarianism To live means to benefit from everything Pragmatism The purpose of life justifies any means to achieve it modern society it is very important to have ideals, the meaning of life, leading to progress.
Political life. In today's contradictory world, it is important to create societies, societies that can survive in the long term. Any society is politically framed. It has a power mechanism. This mechanism of power is called the political system. What is a political system? The political system is a real, complex mechanism for the formation and functioning of power in society. Elements of the political system: - political organization, political relations, political and legal norms, political consciousness and political culture. The political organization includes: the state, parties, public organizations and movements, labor collectives, mass media.
The functioning of the political system. Feedback Information input Environment Requirements Support Environment Decision Political system Action Information output Environment Feedback The most important factor in participation in polit. life is individual. consciousness.
Consciousness is the highest form of reflection of reality The essence of consciousness A property of highly organized matter of the human brain The highest form of reflection of reality The product of social development The structure of individual consciousness Sensory cognition with its sensations, perceptions, ideas Thinking with its concepts, judgments, conclusions, etc. Will, attention, memory Feelings, emotions, experiences
Formation of consciousness. Biophysics Jurisprudence Psychiatry Philosophy Psychology Consciousness Informatics Neurophysiology Cybernetics Individual consciousness is connected with social consciousness.
Forms of social consciousness. Law Politics Philosophy Science Forms of social consciousness Art o Consciousness is closely connected with cognition. morality religion
The essence of knowledge. Cognition becomes an important function of consciousness, a function of human life. Already the ancient philosophers dealt with the problem of knowledge. The main points of view on the problem of knowledge. 1. The point of view of Socrates. He believed that the physical, objective world of things is inaccessible human mind. Therefore, the problem of knowledge is reduced to the problem of self-knowledge. The task of philosophy is to know oneself. 2. Plato's point of view. He believed that the source of knowledge is the memories of the immortal human soul about the world of ideas in which it existed before it moved into the human body. 3. The point of view of Democritus. The human soul is a driving principle and at the same time an organ of sensation and thinking. 4. Aristotle's point of view. He formulated three main laws: the law of contradiction, the law of identity, and the law of the excluded middle. Then the 4th law, the law of sufficient reason, was discovered. These laws are still studied by formal logic today. Ancient philosophers contributed to the development of the theory of knowledge. Modern philosophers define cognition as a process of creative reflection of reality in the human mind. The process of learning in
The cycle of cognitive activity. P 1 E P 2 DP P 1 - the starting point of practice, E - empirical knowledge, T - theoretical level of knowledge, DP - spiritual and practical link of knowledge, P 2 - a new level of practice. T
Subject. Typology of cultures and civilizations. The term "culture" is understood as "education", compliance with the ideals of humanism, enlightenment, following Reason. Culture (lat. term) - means cultivation, processing, education, development, worship. Basic structural elements of culture. 1. Culture of vital needs and ways of their satisfaction and reproduction. 2. Culture of the production process. 3. Culture of public relations. 4. Culture of public consciousness. 5. Sphere of freedom and creativity.
The meaning of culture. Culture and civilization. The following components can be distinguished in culture: 1) symbols, 2) language, 3) values and beliefs, 4) norms, 5) material culture, including technologies. According to the methods of self-organization of culture, three global types can be distinguished: a) pre-literate or traditional, b) written (which is based on bookishness), c) screen (in development). Culture matters a lot. The main functions of culture are: 1) epistemological (cognitive), 2) historical exchange, 3) communicative, 4) regulatory, 5) psychological relaxation, 6) humanistic. Culture is linked to civilization. Many philosophers define civilization as one of the stages in the development of culture, or it is a level, a stage in the social development of material and spiritual culture. A trace stands out. types of civilizations: 1) Chinese, 2) Indian, 3) Islamic, 4) Russian, 5) Western.
Behavioral subsystems of the spiritual culture of society. Social values are generally recognized and most significant ideals and goals in a given society, for example, patriotism, law-abidingness, private property, hard work, wealth, friendship ... Social norms are regulators of behavior and life together of people in a given society Informal Formal and specially natural established patterns of behavior or behavior moral standards Legal regulations
Picture of the world. Main features: 1. Perception of the world as an objective reality 2. Connection with the worldview 3. Historicity Scientific picture of the world Religious picture of the world Philosophical picture of the world
Topic: philosophy of history, philosophy of religion. History is the science of the progressive development of human society in all its diversity. History is a Greek word, a story about the past, about what has been learned. In history, it stands out: world or general history and the history of fatherlands (countries, peoples). History is subdivided into: 1) the history of primitive communal society, 2) ancient history, 3) the history of the Middle Ages, 4) modern history, 5) recent history. Branches of history: a) economic history, b) military history, c) historical geography, d) historiography, etc. d.
history functions. 1. Cognitive 2. Educational. 3. Ideological. 4. Practical recommendation. 5. Communicative. 6. Socio-prognostic. 7. Worldview.
Philosophy of religion. Religion is a social institution that includes beliefs and practices based on the idea of the sacred. Religion has its roots: social, psychological, epistemological. Elements of religion: 1. cognitive component, 2. emotional component, 3. ritual and cult element. The original form of religion in Rus' was paganism, then Christianity was gradually introduced. (988 - the baptism of Rus'). Types of religious organizations: church, denomination (creed), sect, cult. The main world religions: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Judaism, etc. The meaning of religion (function): cognitive, educational, integrating, helping.
The role of spiritual orientations in the life of man and humanity. In the context of globalization and global problems, great importance should be attached to the culture of mutual understanding of people of different spiritual orientations, the search for compromises in social and political life, the elimination of violence as a way to solve social and personal problems. The problem of spiritual heritage is now extremely important, because the pace of development of the world has now increased significantly. Spiritual revolutions are important today. And they need appropriate forms of democratic structure in most countries of the world. At the present time, that which is immoral cannot be true, and the justification of violence with the best intentions ultimately leads to the triumph of violence and evil, to self-destruction.
The main elements of the spiritual life of society. Spiritual activity (activity of consciousness that gives an idea of the material and spiritual world of a person) Spiritual values (arising as a result of spiritual activity, religious principles, scientific theories, works of art) Spiritual needs (needs for the perception and assimilation of spiritual values) and spiritual consumption Spiritual relations (communication between people in accordance with their spiritual needs and interchange of spiritual values) Individual and social consciousness of a person A person with his individual qualities, especially spiritual ones, becomes the center of geopolitics, especially modern geophilosophy.
The latest geopolitics (geophilosophy). Geopolitics (Greek - geographical policy) is the science of control over the territory, the patterns of distribution and redistribution of spheres of influence (centers of power) of various states and interstate associations. There are: traditional geopolitics, new geopolitics (geoeconomics) and the latest geopolitics (geophilosophy). In the newest geopolitics, fortitude dominates over military and economic power; it helps to overcome traditional geographic and economic determinism by expanding the basic factors that determine the behavior of states in international relations. Geophilosophy operates with ordered correlations of the cosmos (nature), microcosm (human soul) and locality (polis) in a given place and social time.
Philosophy, range of its problems and role in society.
Worldview is a necessary part of the spiritual culture of society, the inner world of every human person. Heterogeneous
blocks of knowledge, beliefs, thoughts, images, ideals, feelings and moods,
aspirations and hopes, uniting in a holistic picture of the surrounding reality
values, appear as more or less developed, ordered or
chaotic, true or illusory understanding by people of the world as a whole, its
parts and states; as a person's awareness of himself and his place in
world as a memory of the past, a vision of the present and an anticipation of the future
The composition of the worldview includes and plays in it each of its specific
role of everyday impressions, ordinary or everyday practical
scientific knowledge, professional skills, deep scientific truths. All these
components make up the life experience of both an individual and non-
which community of people - groups or masses, and the more solid, the richer
However, knowledge never fills the entire field of worldview.
In addition to knowledge about the world and the person himself as its element in the worldview
the whole structure is comprehended human life, certain
systems of value orientations - judgments about good and evil, good and fair
curiosity, beauty and ugliness, friendship and enmity, love and hate, etc.
Here images of the past are created and projects of the future are constructed, according to
Receive approval or condemnation of various motives and ways of behavior and
throughout life in general.
In general, action programs, the direction of people's actions have
there are two pillars under them: knowledge and values, which are in many ways opposite to
we are inherently and at the same time complement each other as two sides of the same
noah coins. Cognition is driven by the desire for truth, for correct and accurate
reproduction of the essential features and objective content of the
real reality. Value consciousness has a different meaning. It
embodies the attitude of people to everything that exists and happens
from a strictly human point of view, subjectively, that is, in accordance with
in line with their needs, interests, goals, one or another understanding
I eat the meaning of their own lives. The idea of the world in terms of value
pekte is the human dimension of the many different fragments of action
value.
For all their heterogeneity, cognitive and value methods are based on
war of the world by human consciousness and practical action must
be harmonized and brought into agreement. It is also necessary that
a tense unity of the other poles was achieved in the content of the world
views: feelings and reason, understanding and action, faith and doubt, theory
practical and practical experience of people, understanding the past and foreseeing
future. Their harmonious combination is always the result of complex,
long and sometimes painful spiritual work, called nevertheless
ensure the integrity and coherence of human experience and give it a reliable
landmarks in the present and future life.
The worldview is able to push the narrow limits of everyday life,
particular place and time. It allows you to correlate the experience of each given
a person with the experience of other people, including those who lived before, and
even in the distant past. In worldviews, the meaning is accumulated and clarified.
greet the spiritual world of ancestors, grandfathers and fathers, near and far
temporary workers, while carefully preserving something, and resolutely rejecting something
So, a worldview is an integral body of knowledge, represented
opinions, judgments, assessments and principles that determine the most common vision and
understanding of the world, the place of a person in it, and at the same time shaping life
fixed positions, structures of behavior and programs of people's activities. IN
worldview in a generalized form presents cognitive, value-
naya and behavioral aspects of human existence.
The worldview expressed in its everyday, commonplace, mass
manifestations, in everyday forms, contains not only a rich
“memory of centuries”, convincing life experience, traditions, faith and doubts,
but also many misconceptions and prejudices.
Everyday interpretation in its everyday forms has a spontaneous character.
rakter, it is chaotic, does not differ in any deep thoughtful
sity, systematicity, validity. That is why at this level
logic is always maintained, emotions can in critical situations
darken the mind, revealing a lack of common sense. Everyday thought-
is momentary and mundane, it succumbs to problems that require
serious knowledge, culture of thoughts and feelings, understanding of important values
and striving for high ideals.
These shortcomings are overcome at the theoretical level of the worldview.
when a person approaches the world from the standpoint of reason, acts based on
logic, substantiating their statements and conclusions, coordinating them with science
and practice, inscribing them in the context of historical tradition and modern
sti. Philosophy deals with this on a professional basis.
In the history of the spiritual culture of society, the following main forms of worldview took place: mythology, religion, science and philosophy.
Mythology - the most ancient form of worldview. It arose in the
memorable times and was a syncretic, that is, a holistic,
undivided emotional and rational, theoretical and practical
artistic, realistic and fantastic picture of reality. IN
myths bizarrely intertwined the legends of antiquity, truthful narratives
about historical events, travel to other countries, origin
crafts, observations of nature, and at the same time fictional races
tales about gods and heroes, magical things and phenomena, miraculous transformations
yah, amazing creatures.
In myths, immortal gods intervened in the affairs of people, helped them or
harmed, quarreled and reconciled, loved and gave birth to children, including from
of people. All nature was inhabited by spiritualized and humanoid
creatures: nymphs splashed in rivers and lakes among the Greeks, naiads among the Romans,
mermaids among the Slavs; dryads or goblin lived in the forests; in swamps - kikimors; V
whirlpools - water.
The forces of nature were personified. God knows thunder and lightning
Zeus among the Greeks, Jupiter among the Romans, Perun among the Slavs; The sun was Helios or
Yarilo; the seas and oceans were ruled by Poseidon or Neptune; it was underground
kingdom of Hades or Pluto.
Mythological worldview was artistic, that is, expressed
pity as a perception of the world through sensual visual images: literary
tour plot, picturesque image, sculptural statue. It was
also anthropomorphic, that is, a humanized representation of the actual
value. The gods weren't just human-like in appearance; they were contacted
just as to their fellow tribesmen with pleas or threats, they were tried
to appease with offerings or punish their images with rods for not
completed assignments. The pantheon of the gods was an exact reproduction
tribal family management: the patriarch is at the head, and around him are wives, children, many
numerical relatives in various tribes.
Religion in its embryonic forms also appeared in ancient times.
features in the form of animism - the animation of living and inanimate beings and objects
goods of the surrounding world; totemism - worship of one's animal ancestors;
fetishism - endowing with magical properties of various things and phenomena
ny; magic - faith in a person's ability through ritual actions
influence other people, animals and natural forces, and even gods and
spirits. As varieties of magic, witchcraft, witchcraft, sha-
manstvo, quackery and the like.
As an independent form of worldview, religion is formed in
the period of decomposition of the tribal society and the formation of civilizations, when
are world religions such as Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Bud-
dim. These religions are based on the principle of monotheism, that is, monotheism, and
the person of God acquires in them a fundamentally new understanding. God is
the creator of all things, the demiurge and the almighty, a being not of this world,
transcendent, that is, otherworldly essence, absolute perfection
in, standing outside and above nature, society, man. In the worldview
form, the main characteristic of religion reaches its fullest: belief in
supernatural.
The science, like religion, is formed as a worldview based on the content
knowledge of mythology. But if religion concentrates fantastic
elements of myths and gives them a sacred, sacred character, then science
incorporates realistic elements of myths into its content, representing
which is accumulated and fixed in knowledge, that is, in symbolic
models and, above all, in language, the experience of people's practical activities in
development and transformation of their natural and social environment
Observations of climate, the change of seasons, the movement of stars on the
be, the course and floods of rivers, the ebbs and flows of the seas; usage
properties of various materials - metals, wood, clay, leather, fruits
shadows and animal products during their processing and further consumption
them as utilitarian values that satisfy the needs of people and themes
most beneficial - this is the material from which it begins to build-
the whole scientific picture of the world.
Philosophy also arises in that era when the generic consciousness is no longer
able to express the spiritual content of the culture of a rapidly developing
civilized society. Moreover, philosophy occupies a special place in
worldview constructions: it cannot be derived directly from the mi-
fov or present as generalized and expressed in an abstract form
practical experience of people. As well as to science, it stands apart
it is also in relation to religion, since it seeks to give a rational, then
is a reasonable explanation of reality, not relying on blind faith and
all the more on absurd superstitions.
The specificity of philosophical knowledge lies in the fact that this knowledge has
reflective character, from the Latin reflectia - reflection, that is, it is
knowledge, in which the main subject of understanding is the person himself. Co-
when a person thinks about everything that exists not from a distance, but from the standpoint of his
subjective attitude to nature, society and even God; when a person
first of all draws attention to his own actions from the point of view of
precisely their interests and through the prism of precisely their human
ratings; when a person seeks to imagine not the world in general, not the world as
such, but as my world, it enters the field of philosophy.
Religion and science are in opposition to each other: these are alternative and irreconcilable forms of worldview, and as human society develops in the course of the evolution of its spiritual culture, the gap between religion and science widens and deepens.
The great 20th century philosopher Bertrand Russell suggested that
philosophy is just called upon to serve as a bridge between religion and science, it
must develop the no man's land between them, build their own theoretic
cal constructions between the realms of ardent imagination and dry fact,
which give each in itself one-sided and, therefore, incomplete
a new and inadequate picture of reality.
Philosophy is thus the center, backbone
the core of the worldview, ensuring its integrity and completeness.
Philosophy has been around for three thousand years. In European culture, it arose at the end of the 5th century BC in Ancient Greece. Over the twenty-six centuries of the development of the philosophical worldview, many dozens of philosophical schools, teachings, and theories have been created; hundreds of outstanding and great thinkers have made their original and unique contribution to the treasury of philosophical knowledge. How to understand the variety of philosophical constructions, various worldview ideas, alternative and often opposite in meaning and competing with each other philosophical theories?
The criterion for evaluating certain philosophical positions was proposed by the great German philosopher of the 19th century Georg Hegel in his Lectures on the History of Philosophy: one can determine the place of a particular theory in accordance with how it solves the problem of the relation of thinking to being . Another German thinker of the same century, the classic of Marxist philosophy, Friedrich Engels, in his work “Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy” called this problem fundamental question of philosophy and formulated it as follows: “The great basic question of all, and in particular the latest philosophy, there is a question of what is primary: matter or consciousness, being or thinking, nature or spirit? Another statement of the question sounds like this: “Is the world created by God, or has it existed from eternity?” In other words, primacy is not reduced to the answer "earlier - later", but means the beginning and cause, foundation and essence.
The basic question of philosophy also admits a dual answer: both matter and consciousness are primordial entities and cannot be reduced to each other. Each of them is independent and in fact they occupy an equal place. This position is called dualism and met in the history of philosophy much less frequently than materialism and idealism.
ism, which, affirming the principle of the unity of the world, can be characterized
vans as monism, monistic philosophy from mono - one. Bright presentation
Dualism was pioneered by the French philosopher of the 17th century, René Descartes.
It is also possible such an answer to the main question of philosophy, in
which asserts the existence of a set of initial principles, in the limiting case
unlimited set. This decision is called pluralism.
from the Latin pluralis - plural and was proposed only once in
the entire history of philosophy by the great German thinker of the 17th century Gottf-
read Leibniz.
Another problem is: do we know the world? is the person capable
correctly and with all possible depth to comprehend the essence of the surrounding
its reality?" - this problem was received in the mentioned work by En-
gels name of the second side of the main question of philosophy,
since we are talking about the relationship and unity of being and thinking. This question
admits two answers: “the world is cognizable”, and such a solution is called epistemological
logical optimism from the Greek gnoseo - I know; and "the world is unknowable" -
epistemological pessimism or agnosticism, prominent representatives of
To whom were the Scottish philosopher of the 15th century David Hume and the ancestor
German classical philosophy XIX century Immanuel Kant.
Options for resolving both the first and second sides of the main issue
philosophies are the main types of philosophical constructions, and
private decisions within each of the types of decisions constitute further
shuyu classification of philosophical theories.
The subject of philosophy has changed over time due to the fact that philosophical knowledge has a reflexive character. It focuses on those ideas, concepts and experiences that constitute the center of the spiritual culture of society in one or another historical period.
era, to which the keen interest of people is directed in a certain period
period of their historical development, which fill both the consciousness of individual
people and society as a whole.
So, in Antiquity, from the 6th century BC to the 4th century AD
nature was the subject of reflection, since people at that time had not yet
divided themselves from nature, did not oppose themselves to it, and moreover - mentioned
finished themselves off to nature, believing that man is a microcosm, that is, a small
some kind of big space. Natural forces and elements, the device of the earth
and sky, events and phenomena in the surrounding ecumene - inhabited and mastered
people the world - the natural environment: that's what occupies the minds of ancient thinkers
lei. In the naturalistic worldview of Antiquity, man is inscribed in
becoming the cosmos as one of its elements and understanding the cosmic order
is of paramount importance. Due to this circumstance, the philosophy of
typical era can be characterized as cosmocentrism .
In the Middle Ages, from the 5th to the 14th, the orientation of philosophy changes radically.
in a different way, since the central place in the spiritual culture of society
occupies religion and philosophy reflects on the content of religious
philosophical doctrines. Now she is occupied with the problems of the creation of the world,
divine revelation, the harmony of faith and reason, the purpose of existence and
end of the world. A prominent place is occupied by the problem of theodicy - the justification of God and
search for the source of evil.
It is clear that the central figure of the religious worldview is
the Creator himself, whose essence they strive to comprehend both by the power of the mind and
by way of supersensible intuition, when the possessor of deep and sincere
by her faith in man, divine Providence will lift the veil of the mystery of the
tiya. In connection with the orientation towards the comprehension of God and His sacred will, the middle
ageless philosophy appears before us as theocentrism(from Greek
theos - God).
The next era - the Renaissance, XV - XVI centuries - puts forward the leading
important role in public life is another form of spiritual culture, namely
but: art. Renaissance, the Renaissance was the time of genius
creativity of the great masters of painting and music, poetry and prose, sculpture and
architecture. The humanist movement passed through all the countries of Europe (from the Latin
humanum - man), inspiring by all means of art respect for
human dignity, proclaiming the inherent value of human life.
Man-artist, man-master, man-creator - he is almost equal to
interacts with the Lord God himself, and in any case as an image and likeness
God on earth, man has free will and therefore he himself is
the owner of his destiny and is responsible for his past deeds and dirty
lingering consequences. This line of thought is called
Xia anthropocentrism(from the Greek anthropos - man).
The Age of Enlightenment covers the 17th - 18th centuries and is characterized by a stormy
development of science, which, after the philosophical manifestos of Francis Bacon
acquires an experimental, experimental character and turns from an intellect
visual and speculative scholasticism, university scholasticism, in
science in the modern sense of the word, that is, in professional
Academic scientific communities, printing and the emergence of mass media
the howl of the press, the spread of literacy from secular salons to urban
and even rural lower classes - these are the signs of the times. Outstanding scientists, funders
mental theories in natural science, amazing discoveries in research
nii alive and inanimate nature- these are the achievements of the era. The very word "pro-
illumination” means the struggle of the light of reason against the darkness of ignorance, the light of science
ki against religious obscurantism. Reflection on science leads to philo-
sophia to the fact that she acts as gnoseocentrism(from the Greek gnosis -
In the 19th century, the era of classicism begins. Classical, that is,
tsovye, serving as an example and subject of study and imitation, completed
new and perfect creations - this is the ideal of the century before last. In this period
created classical theories in science, classical literary
ra, painting, music. In Russia, for example, these are Lobachevsky and Mendeleev,
poets and prose writers of Pushkin literature, itinerant artists, “mo-
a bunch of” composers.
The nineteenth century is the time of the Napoleonic wars, stormy and bloody.
first revolutions from the Decembrists to the Paris Commune, deep social
reforms. The historical process has become not only noticeable - it has acquired ha-
character of a stormy public life and the state of society, legal and social
real problems lead to the first roles in science, journalism and even art.
art of social science to replace natural science. Philosophy Displays
new focus of public attention and acts as sociocentrism(from
Greek socium - society).
Finally, the modern era, the 20th century, is the time of the largest social
nyh revolutions that had world significance; time of the world wars, involved
plunged into the tragedy of self-destruction a large part of humanity; time all-
peaceful organizations such as the League of Nations and the United Nations; time of creation of cereals
the most important regional unions of a supranational character in Europe, the North
America, the Asia-Pacific region.
The twentieth century is the century of the globalization of public life, when many
processes from the spheres of ecology and demography to the fields of economics and political
tics acquire a planetary scale. Weapons of mass destruction
niya, satellite communication systems, transnational corporations were the first supporting structures of a single humanity. Under these conditions, politics, management technologies, the formation of public opinion, the cultivation of mass psychology and ideology.
Philosophy reacts to the spiritual innovations of the era by separating from its
subject of a special discipline - political science, with keen attention
to social issues, and because of this, she herself acts at this stage
twisting your subject as politocentrism(from the Greek polis - city, go-
statehood).
It is almost impossible to give an unambiguous definition of philosophy that would suit everyone. For example, in 1998, M. Keligov's book "Philosophers about philosophy - the experience of self-comprehension" was published. It contains statements about the philosophy of more than 270 eminent philosophers. Everyone has their own point of view, their own definition. However, there is a general approach:
"Philosophy is an epoch grasped in thought." (F.-W. Hegel).
“The task of philosophy is to explain everything that exists” (V. Solovyov)
"Philosophical problems become such if they aspire under the ray of one problem - the final meaning." (M. Mamardashvili).
In all these statements, one core idea can be traced: philosophy appears as a thinking worldview, as an essential understanding, higher orientation, the highest expression of meanings and values, an indication of the strategic goal of our stay in the universe.
But from the moment of its inception and until now, philosophy has been confronted with its rejection, with resistance, with attempts at rejection. This is due to many factors, and, above all, to crisis phenomena in culture, when many say that they have lost faith in philosophy. However, it is important to remember that crises are transient. And although old ideas are overthrown, but then they are turned to again, and they appear in a completely new way. All of them are "facets of integrity, glare of unity" All of them complement each other (antique and postmodern, systemic-logical and aphoristic) - they are united by common problems and depth of vision, involvement in eternity, in the fundamental sources of thought and human existence, the desire from everyday life to being.
Philosophy is not only closely connected with all spheres of culture (science, art, religion, politics, ideology, etc.), but to some extent is part of them, or it can be said the other way around that philosophy combines some qualities of science, art, religion, ordinary common sense and even mysticism. Let's consider these ratios in more detail.
Of course, philosophy cannot ignore science with its standards, norms and ideals, but it is impossible to turn philosophy into a rigorous science, since philosophy also has its own self-sufficient ways of posing problems, substantiating insights. Philosophy is inherently and fundamentally pluralistic, while natural science in its conclusions is unambiguous. Philosophy exists because there are questions that science will never answer. You can't justify freedom scientifically. Although scientists are free people, their thought unfolds within the rigid framework of established patterns, facts and circumstances, inexorable logic. Philosophical thought can be involuntary, non-rational, it can be aphoristic, essayistic and even deconstructive. This is an example of free inspiration that can build any imaginary worlds. Philosophy is borderline knowledge, it is always on the verge of knowledge and ignorance, hidden and unhidden.
The difference between the language of philosophy and the language of science, primarily natural science, is especially clear when comparing dictionaries. If in the dictionary of natural science each term is given a clear definition, the methods and areas of its application are indicated, and only in rare cases the name of the scientist who first used this term is mentioned, then the picture is completely different in the philosophical dictionary. Up to ninety percent of its content is historical references, reporting who and in what sense used the term under discussion. That is, in the philosophical dictionary, the history of concepts and principles is more represented - a kind of episodes in the development of the language of philosophy, while the dictionary of a specific science gives a theory of concepts and principles.
The problem fields of philosophy and religion are especially close. It is possible that religious consciousness is more canonical and dogmatic, while philosophy can take any beginning as a substance: idea, absolute, chaos, life, will, matter, Tao, unity, etc. Philosophical reflection can organically supplement the reality of the world in religious and mystical experience.
If you get acquainted with philosophical texts, it becomes clear that every philosopher has his own style of writing, just as every writer working in the field of fiction has his own unique style. Philosophical texts often use tropes, images reminiscent of art - all this brings philosophy closer to art.
At the same time, philosophical language is much closer to ordinary, colloquial language than, for example, the language of science. Philosophizing includes the installation of common sense with its orientation towards the knowledge of the immediate causes of phenomena. In everyday life, such a phenomenon of human life as wisdom is often manifested. We can say "wise man", "wise philosopher", but we can hardly say "wise engineer" or "wise chemist". It is no coincidence that the word "philosophy" is translated as "love of wisdom." In its love for wisdom, philosophy, embracing all the achievements of culture, comprehends them, singles out the most important, essential. But this happens not only in the form of detached analysis, but through deep interest, experience and sympathy.
However, we know that there is a concept of worldview as a set of views, assessments, norms, attitudes that determine a person's attitude to the world and act as guidelines and regulators of his behavior. How do these two concepts correlate: philosophy and worldview? There is a twofold answer here. On the one hand, philosophy is a high theoretical level of worldview, where the worldview itself appears in the form of knowledge and is systematized and ordered. But on the other hand, given that the concept of a worldview covers a much wider range of phenomena, we can assume that philosophy is a part (or one of the forms) of a worldview (although undoubtedly one of the most theoretically thought out). Other important forms of worldview include mythological and religious.
Historically, the first form of worldview is mythology. At the earliest stage of social development humanity is in the form of myths. that is, legends, legends, tried to answer the global questions of the origin and structure of the universe as a whole, to express ideas about the emergence of the most important natural phenomena, the life of animals and people. The representations embodied in myths were closely intertwined with rituals and served as an object of faith. As the cult system, that is, the system of ritual actions aimed at establishing certain relations with the supernatural, absolute, eternal, was formed, religious outlook. It helped a person to break out of the sphere of the transient, temporal - into the sphere of the ideal, absolute, eternal (transcendent), gave stability to human existence, the meaning of human life.
The immortal monument of ancient culture are the works of Homer "Iliad" and "Odyssey". ABOUT philosophical views One can say that Homer was entirely on the basis of philosophy. He owns the saying: "We are all water and earth." He did not ask himself the philosophical question of the origin of the world. Such questions were first put forward by Hesiod (7th century BC), a peasant poet, author of the famous Works and Days and Theogony. He outlined the myths as a whole, describing the genealogy and ups and downs in the host of the Olympian gods. The "pedigree of the gods" begins like this: in the beginning was Chaos. From it the Earth (Gaia) was born. Together with the Earth, Eros and Erebus are born - the beginning of darkness in general and Night as self-determined darkness. From the marriage of Erebus and Night, Ether is born as light in general and Day as a specific light. Gaia gives birth to Heaven - the visible vault of heaven, as well as mountains and the deep sea. Such is the provisional "Theogony", i.e. origin of the world. After this, the genealogy of the gods begins: from the marriage of Gaia and Uranus, i.e. Earth and Sky, the Ocean and Tethys are born, as well as the Cyclopes and giant titans, personifying various cosmic forces. From one of the titans of Kronos, a new generation of gods originates: the son of Kronos, Zev, in the struggle for power, cuts off his father’s “male dignity”, which falls into the sea from a huge heavenly height, raising a strong wave, and appears from the sea foam in all its divine beauty goddess of love - Aphrodite. The goddess of justice Dike and Necessity is the beginning of every earthly birth and fusion - the one that sends a woman to mate with a man and, conversely, a man with a woman; she took Cupid as her assistant and gave birth to him as the first of all the gods.
At an early stage of history, the mythological way of thinking began to be filled with rational content and appropriate forms of thinking: the power of generalizing and analytical thinking increased, science and philosophy were born, concepts and categories of philosophical reason proper arose, and the process of transition from myth to Logos took place. However, logos does not supplant mythology: it is immortal, poetry is overflowing with it, it captivates children's imagination, delights the mind and feelings of people of all ages, contributing to the development of imagination, which has a beneficial effect on the development of a person's creative abilities in all spheres of his activity.
The word "philosophy" was first uttered by the great thinker of ancient Greece - Pythagoras. One of his students addressed him with the words: “O sophicos!”, that is, “wise man”, and then Pythagoras replied: “I am not a sage, I am only a lover of wisdom. All can know only Gods. I'm just aiming for it."
In ancient Greece there was a great thinker named Socrates. And one day
asked the famous Oracle in the temple of Apollo in the city of Delphi: who is
is the wisest of the Hellenes? AND delphic oracle who always answers
chal very evasively, this time he gave a very definite answer: mud-
Socrates is the greatest of the Hellenes. They came to Socrates and gave him the words
va Oracle. To this opinion, Socrates shrugged his shoulders and said: “I only know
There was also in ancient Greece the famous philosopher Diogenes from the city
Sinops. He was so famous that a great man came to talk to him.
commander Alexander the Great, and he was so delighted with the mind
Diogenes, who exclaimed: “I am the great Alexander. I can do anything
Your wish. Ask for whatever you want." Diogenes replied to this:
move aside, you block the sun for me. And then Alexander said:
"If I were not the great Alexander, I would like to be Diogenes."
So one day the philosopher-sophist Antisthenes turned to Diogenes and said
audience: “Listen, Diogenes! If you are the wisest of us, then why are you more
do you ask questions?" In response, Diogenes took a twig and drew in the sand
diagram. Drawing a small circle, he said, "Here is your knowledge." Then
described a large circle around this circle and said: “Here is my knowledge. And those-
Now see which of us has more border with the unknown. In this and with
stands Diogenes' paradox: the more we know, the more we are convinced of
own ignorance.
In order to determine the quality of intelligence, one can propose the following
some concept, like a mindset . Let's start with a conventional warehouse as a room in which
torus store different things. In one case, it may be a dark closet
or an abandoned attic, where rubbish is thrown into a heap at random, and when
we need something, we can rummage through our junk for a long time, knock out
overwhelmed and not succeeding. Otherwise, it will be a bright room
one where all things are laid out on shelves, each in its place, equipped
tagged, cataloged, and when the need arises, we will find it
easily and quickly and put into action. So in our head we can either have
a dark closet, or a bright room, and then wisdom is a good warehouse
mind, that is, a bright, orderly, well-organized mind , which
can be used effectively both at work and in life.
